Ab? al-q? sim Khalaf ibn al-'Abb? s al-Zahr? w? al-Ansari (Arabic: ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ?;? 936-1013), known as Al-Zahrawi ( ???????? ), Latinized as Abulcasis (from Arabic Ab? al-Q? sim ), is an Arab Muslim physician, surgeon and chemist living in Al -Andalus. He is regarded as the greatest medieval surgeon, and has been described as the father of surgery.
Al-Zahrawi's main work is Kitab al-Tasrif , an encyclopedia of thirty volumes of medical practice. The operating chapter of this work was later translated into Latin where it gained popularity and became the standard textbook in Europe for the next 500 years. Al-Zahrawi's pioneering contributions to the field of surgical procedures and instruments have had an enormous impact on East and West to the modern period, where some of his inventions are still applied in medicine to this day.
He was the first doctor to identify the nature of hemophilia. And the first doctor to describe a stomach pregnancy; a subtype of ectopic pregnancy that was at the time a fatal affliction.
Video Al-Zahrawi
Biography
Al-Zahrawi was born in the city of Azahara, 8 kilometers northwest of Cordova, Andalusia. The date of his birth is not known for sure, however, experts agree that it was after 936, the year of his birth the city of Azahara was founded. The nisba (title attribute), Al-Ansari , in its name, denotes the origin of the tribe of Medina Al-Ansar, thus, tracing its ancestors back to Medina in the Arabian peninsula.
He lived most of his life in Cordova. He was also where he studied, taught, and practiced medicine and surgery until just before his death around 1013, two years after Azahara's dismissal.
Some details remain on his life, apart from published works, due to the destruction of El-Zahra during the Castillian-Andalusian conflict. His name first appears in the writings of Abu Muhammad bin Hazm (993 - 1064), who enrolled him among the greatest doctors of the Spanish Moorish. But we have the first detailed biography of al-Zahraw? from al-? umayd? 'Jadhwat al-Muqtabis ( On the Andalusian Bet ), completed six decades after the death of al-Zahrawi.
Al-Zahrawi was a palace physician for al-Hakam II's Andalusian caliph. He is a contemporary of Andalusian chemists such as Ibn al-Wafid, al-Majriti and Artephius. He devoted his entire life and genius to the progress of medicine as a whole and operation in particular.
Maps Al-Zahrawi
Career surgery
Al-Zahrawi is specialized in curing diseases with cauterization. He found several devices used during surgery, for purposes such as examination of the inside of the urethra and also examination, applying and removing foreign objects from the throat, ear and other organs. He was also the first to describe the various cannula and the first to treat warts with iron tubes and caustic metal as a boring instrument.
While al-Zahrawi has never performed a surgical procedure for tracheotomy, he treats a slave girl who has cut his own throat in a suicide attempt. Al-Zahrawi sewed the wound and the girl recovered, thus proving that the incision in the larynx can heal. In describing the history of this important case he writes:
A slave girl caught a knife and buried it in her throat and cut off part of the trachea; and I was called to visit him. I found him shouting like a sacrifice that had cut his throat. So I laid the wound down and found that very little bleeding came from him; and I convinced myself that no arteries or arteries were cut off, but the air passed out through the wound. So I hurriedly stitched the wound and cured it until healed. There is no harm done to the female slave except the hoarseness in the voice, which is not extreme, and after a few days he is returned to the best health. Then we can say that laryngotomy is harmless.
Al-Zahrawi also pioneered neurosurgery and neurological diagnosis. He is known to have performed head injury surgery, skull fractures, spinal cord injuries, hydrocephalus, subdural effusions and headaches. The first clinical description of the surgical procedure for hydrocephalus is given by Al-Zahrawi which clearly describes the evacuation of superficial intracranial fluid in children with hydrocephalus.
Kitab al-Tasrif
The thirty-volume medical Encyclopedia of Al-Zahrawi, Kitab al-Tasrif , completed in the year 1000, covers a wide range of medical topics, including in operations, medicine, orthopedics, ophthalmology, pharmacology, nutrition, dentistry, , and pathology. The first volume in the encyclopedia relates to the general principles of medicine, the second with pathology, while many remain to discuss topics on pharmacology and medicine. The last tretise and the most famous is about surgery. Al-Zahrawi states that he chose to discuss operations in the last volume because surgery is the highest form of medicine, and one should not practice it until he becomes familiar with all other branches of medicine.
The work contains data that has accumulated over a career spanning nearly 50 years of training, teaching, and practice. In it he also writes about the importance of positive doctor-patient relationships and loving writing to his students, whom he calls "my children." He also stressed the importance of treating patients regardless of their social status. He encourages close observation of individual cases to make the most accurate diagnosis and best treatment.
Not always properly credited, the modern evaluation of the al-Tasrif manuscript has been revealed in the early description of some medical procedures deemed to come from later doctors. For example, Al-Zahrawi al-Tasrif describes the two later known as the "Kocher method" to treat dislocated shoulders and "Walcher's position" in midwifery. Morlas, Al-Tasrif describes how to tighten blood vessels nearly 600 years before Ambroise ParÃÆ'Â ©, and is the first recorded book to explain the hereditary nature of hemophilia. It was also the first to describe a surgical procedure for ligating the temporal artery for migraine, also nearly 600 years before Pare noted that it has binded its own temporal artery to a headache that matches the current migraine description. Al-Zahrawi is the first to describe the surgical procedure of migraines that enjoy a revival in the 21st century, spearheaded by Elliot Shevel, a South African surgeon.
On Surgery and Instruments
On Surgery and Instruments is the 30th and last volume of Kitab al-Tasrif. Undoubtedly, his most important work and who established his authority in Europe over the coming centuries. In Surgery and Instruments is the first image-operated guide ever written. Its contents and descriptions have contributed in many technological innovations in medicine, especially tools used in specific operations. In his book, al-Zahrawi draws a diagram of each tool used in different procedures to clarify how to perform the steps of each treatment. The full text consists of three books, intended for medical students who are looking forward to getting more knowledge in the field of surgery regarding the necessary procedures and tools.
The book was translated into Latin in the 12th century by Gerard of Cremona. Soon found popularity in Europe and became the standard text in all major medical universities such as Salerno and Montpellier. It remains the main source of operations in Europe over the next 500 years, and as the medical historian Arturo Castiglioni has put it: the treatise of al-Zahrawi "in surgery holds the same authority as that of the Canon of Avicenna in medicine".
Al-Zahrawi claims that his knowledge comes from a careful reading of the previous medical text and his own experience: "... whatever skill I have, I get by reading Old books and thirst I understand them until I extract them from them. Then through my whole life I have been holding on to experience and practice... I have made it accessible to you and saved it from the brink of depravity.
At the beginning of his book, al-Zahrawi stated that the reason for writing this treatise was the degree of underdeveloped surgery that had been achieved in the Islamic world, and his low status was held by doctors at the time. Al-Zahrawi considers this decline as a lack of knowledge of anatomy and misunderstanding of human physiology.
Noting the importance of the anatomy he wrote:
"Before practicing surgery one must gain knowledge of the anatomy and function of the organ so that he will understand the shape, the connections and the boundary.He must become truly familiar with the arterial muscles of the arteries and veins.If someone does not understand anatomy and physiology can do mistakes that will lead to the death of the patient.I have seen someone incise into the swelling in the neck thinking it is an abscess, when it is an aneurysm and the patient is dying in place. "
In urology, al-Zahrawi writes about taking a stone from the bladder. By creating a new instrument, the initial form of lithotrite which he calls "Michaab", he is able to destroy the stone inside the bladder without the need for a surgical incision. The technique is important for the development of lithotomy, and improvements to existing techniques in Europe that cause severe pain to patients, and come with high mortality rates.
In dentistry and orthodonty, al-Zahrawi has the most significant contribution of all Muslim doctors, and his book contains the earliest illustrations of dental instruments. He is known to use gold and silver wire to bind loose teeth, and has been credited as the first to use replantation in the history of dentistry. al-Zahrawi also found an instrument for calculating the calculus of teeth, a procedure he recommended as the prevention of periodontal disease.
Al-Zahrawi introduces over 200 surgical instruments, including, among other things, various types of scalpels, retractors, curettes, clamps, speculations, as well as instruments designed for cautery and ligature techniques he likes. He also found hooks with double ends for use in operations. Many of these instruments were never used before by previous surgeons.
The use of catgut for internal stitching is still done in modern operations. Catgut seems to be the only natural substance capable of dissolving and can be accepted by the body. Al-Zahrawi's observations were discovered after his monkeys ate his oud strings. Al-Zahrawi also found pliers to extract a dead fetus, as illustrated in Al-Tasrif .
Tone
Throughout the text, Al-Zahrawi used an authoritative tone to express his expertise on the topic. For example, when introducing a topic or explaining a procedure, Al-Zahrawi often warns the reader about the skills required to complete the task. In chapter forty-eight, "On cauterization for numbness", he defines the knowledge necessary for the procedure in commanding tones: "It should not be tried except by a person who has a good knowledge of the anatomy of the limbs and the way out of the nerves that move body ". He created a criterion for producing a skill level standard, which shows that he himself has surpassed it due to training and experience. Thus, he reaffirms his superiority by implying that he is part of a group of exclusive surgeons who are able to resolve this cautery properly. In another example, he stated that the procedure should be completely avoided by an incompetent surgeon: "However, no one should attempt this operation unless he has a long training and practice in the use of cautery".
Al-Zahrawi is not afraid to abandon old practices, for example, he openly belittles the notion that cauterization should only be used in the spring: "... the Old... [assert] that spring is the best. cauter fits all the time ". Four pages later, he rejected the idea that gold is the best material for cautery, stating that iron is actually the preferred metal: "therefore in our opinion, cauterization is faster and more successful with iron." In chapter twenty-nine, "On cautery for inflammation of the hymen," he states: "Now one of the Threats mentions that there are some people who use iron cautery shaped like a probe, and introduce it red hot into the intercostal space until it reaches the abscess itself and evacuate the pus... but in this perforation with cauter there is a good danger that the patient may die on the spot or that an incurable fistula can rise in place ".
Pharmacology and Cosmetics
In the field of pharmacy and pharmacology, Al-Zahrawi pioneered the preparation of drugs through sublimation and refining. He dedicates his 28th chapter of books to pharmaceutical and pharmaceutical engineering. This chapter is then translated into Latin under the title Liber Servitoris , in which it serves as an important source for European herbalists. This book has a special interest, as it provides a recipe for the reader and explains how to prepare the "simples" from which compounded commonly used compound drugs are used.
Al-Zahrawi also touched the subject of cosmetics and dedicated a chapter to him in his medical encyclopedia. When the treatise was translated into Latin, cosmetic chapters were used in the West. Al-Zahrawi considers cosmetics as a branch of medicine, which he calls "Medicine of Beauty" ( Adwiyat al-Zinah ). She deals with perfumes, aromatic scents and incense. He also found scented stems rolled and pressed in special molds, possibly the earliest antecedents of current lipstick and solid deodorants.
Legacy
Al-Zahrawi was "the most quoted medieval surgical authority". Donald Campbell, an Arab medicine historian, described the influence of Al-Zahrawi in Europe as follows:
The main influence of Albucasis on the European medical system is that its clarity and presentation method evokes a preparation in support of Arab literature among Western scholars: the Albucasis methods surpass the Galen people and maintain a dominant position in medical Europe for five hundred years, after which it passed its usefulness. He, however, helped improve the status of operations in Christian Europe; in his book on fractures and attachments, he declares that 'this part of surgery has fallen into the hands of a vulgar and unworked mind, which for that reason has fallen into humiliation.' Albucasis surgery became strongly grafted in Europe after the time of Guy de Chauliac (188).
In the 14th century, French surgeon Guy de Chauliac quoted al-Tasrif more than 200 times. Pietro Argallata (d. 1453) described al-Zahrawi as "without doubt the head of all surgeons". The influence of Al-Zahrawi continued for at least five centuries, extending to the Renaissance, evidenced by the frequent references of al-Tasrif by the French surgeon Jacques DalÃÆ'Â © champs (1513-1588).
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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