Carton is a thick paper-based material. Although there is no strong differentiation between paper and paperboard, paperboard is generally thicker (typically more than 0.30 mm, 0.012 inches, or 12 points) than paper and has certain superior attributes such as flexibility and stiffness. According to ISO standards, paper cartons are paper with grammage above 250 g/m 2 , but there are exceptions. The carton can be single or multi-layered.
The carton can be easily cut and shaped, lightweight, and as strong, used in packaging. Other end uses are high-quality graphics printing, such as book and magazine or postcard covers. Cartons are also used in art to create sculptures.
Sometimes referred to as cardboard , which is a generic term, a layman is used to refer to a thick paper-based board, but this usage is no longer used in the paper industry, printing and packaging as it does not adequately describe any types of products.
Video Paperboard
History
In 1817, the first carton cartons were produced in England. The folding carton first appeared around the 1860s and was sent flat to save space, ready to be shaped by the customer when needed. 1879 saw the development of mechanical die cutting and empty tangles. In 1911 the first kraft sulphate plant was built in Florida. In 1915 carton of milk over patented saddles and in 1935 the first milk factory was observed using them. Reinforced paperboard was introduced in 1974.
Maps Paperboard
Terminology and classification
The terminology and classification of cartons is not always uniform. Differences occur depending on particular industry, local, and personal choice. In general, the following are often used:
- Board or cardboardboard: carton carton for folding cartons and rigid set-up boxes
- Folding Boards (FBB): flexible classes that can be printed and bent without breaking
- Chipboard: low-quality recycled boards
- White lined chipboard (WLC): white chipboard, often clay coated
- Kraft board: a strong virgin fiber board that is often used for beverage carriers. Often lined with clay to print
- Laminated boards: laminated paperboards and other materials, eg liquid packaging boards
- Solid bleach board (SBB) or solid sulfate solids (SBS): clean white board used for food etc. Sulfate refers to the kraft process
- Solid tobacco (SUB) board: board made of unbleached chemical pulp
- Containerboard: a type of paperboard manufactured for the production of corrugated fiberboard
- Medium corrugated: the inside fluted from the corrugated fiberboard
- Linerboard: a strong rigid board for one or both sides of corrugated boxes. It is a flat cover over a wavy medium.
- More
- Binder Board: cardboard board used in book binding to create hardcovers.
Production
The fibrous material is converted into pulp (paper)/pulp and whitened bleaching wood, to create one or more layer boards, which can be optionally coated for better surfaces and/or enhance visual appearance. slurry boards are produced on pulping machines that can handle higher grams and multiple layers.
Raw materials
The fibrous materials mentioned above can be derived from fresh (virgin) sources (eg wood) or from recycled waste paper. About 90% of virgin paper is made from wood pulp. Today's paper carton packaging in general, and especially products from certified sustainable sources, gained new attention, as producers dealing with environmental, health, and regulatory issues look to renewable resources to meet rising demand. It is now mandatory in many countries for paper-based packaging to be produced wholly or partially from recycled materials.
Raw materials include:
- Hardwood: Length is C. 0.05 inches (1.3 mm), eg. Birch that has short fibers. Generally harder to work; However, it provides higher tensile strength, but lower tear and other strength properties. Although the fiber is not as long and strong as in softwood, the fibers make the product more rigid that is determined by some resistance tests. The wooden fibers fill the sheets better and therefore make smoother paper that is more opaque and better to print. Hardwood makes excellent wavy media. Length
- Soft Wood: C. 0.13 in (3.3 mm), e.g. Pine and pine typically have long fibers and make superior paperboard in a service where strength is important. Softwood makes excellent linerboard.
- Recycling: Used paper is collected and sorted and usually mixed with virgin fibers to make new material. This is necessary because recycled fibers often lose strength when reused; additional virgin fiber increases strength. The mixed waste paper is usually undefined (passing the ink removal step) for paperboard manufacture and hence the pulp may contain ink residue, adhesives, and other residues that together provide a gray color. Products made from recycled boards usually have less predictable composition and poor functional properties than virgin fiber-based boards. Health risks are associated with the use of recycled materials in direct food contact. Swiss studies have shown that recycled materials can contain significant portions of mineral oil, which can migrate to packaged foods. Mineral oil levels of up to 19.4 mg/kg are found in rice packed in recycled boards.
- Other : It is also possible to use Bagasse Sugar, Straw, Rami, Cotton, Rami, Kenaf, Abaca and other plant products
Pulping
The two main methods for extracting fiber from the source are:
- Pulping chemicals use a chemical solution to convert wood into pulp, producing about 30% less than mechanical pulping; However, the pulp made by the kraft process has superior strength
- Thermo mechanical pulp is a two-stage process that produces very high wood fiber results at the expense of strength.
Bleaching
Pulp used in paperboard making can be bleached to reduce color and increase purity. Virgin fiber porridge is a natural brown, due to the presence of lignin. The recycled whiteboard may contain ink traces, binders and other residues that are gray in color. Although bleaching is not required for all end users, it is essential for many graphic and packaging purposes. There are various methods of bleaching, which are used according to a number of factors eg, the degree of color change required, the chemicals selected and the method of treatment. There are three categories of bleaching methods:
- Bleaching with delignification using chlorine gas, which is a method that has been replaced by more environmentally friendly procedures such as the use of oxygen instead of chlorine gas.
- Bleaching with oxidation uses chemicals such as chlorine dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, or sodium hypochlorite.
- Bleaching with abatement uses chemicals such as sodium bisulphite.
Plies
Multi-ply paperboard generally has tangled and folding performance higher than single-ply as a result of layering different types of pulp into one product. In cases where the same type of pulp is used in multiple layers, each separate layer is treated and formed individually to create the highest possible quality.
Coating
To improve the whiteness, smoothness and sheen of cardboard, one or more coating layers are applied. Layered paper is usually made of:
- pigments, which can be Chinese clay, calcium carbonate or titanium dioxide, usually a combination of two
- adhesives or binders as styrene-butadiene or starch and water emulsions.
Additional components can be OBA (optical lightening agent).
Value
The DIN Standard 19303 "Carton - Requirements and values" (Publication date: 2005-09) defines different values ​​of cardboard based on surface treatment (first letter), primary complement (second letter) and color (non-D grade) or bulk (level D only) (numbering).
Example: GC1 will be a "pigment coated" board, "virgin mechanical slurry" with "white opposite side". Often the type of paperboard used is FBB, which is coated on both sides.
General terms
Basic Weight (US): What is the weight of 1,000 square feet (93 m 2 ) of cardboard.
Brightness: Brightness is a technical term defined as the amount of blue-and-white light reflected on the paper. This property is very subjective and individual for every buyer and end use, since skin color and food are better reproduced in 'warm' white (yellow) instead of blue white.
Grammage: Grammage of paperboard is rated according to ISO 536. Grammage expresses mass per unit area and is measured in g/m 2 .
PH: The pH of the surface is measured on the water extract and on a scale of 0-14. 0 is acidic, 7 is neutral and 14 is alkaline.
Stiffness: Stiffness is one of the most important properties of cardboard because it affects the carton's ability to run smoothly through erectile machinery, filling and closing it. Stiffness also gives strength and reduces carton tendency to swell under loads of flowable contents such as cereals.
Although most paper strength properties increase with increasing sheet density, the stiffness is not. A rule of thumb is that the stiffness is proportional to the strength of 1.6 sheets of caliper sheets.
The fiber species used have an effect on stiffness, others are considered equal. The northern softwood species provide superior rigidity compared to southern softwood.
Other factors affecting the stiffness of the board include coatings and moisture content.
Smoothness: Smoothness is very important when used for printing, the smoother the paperboard, the better the image quality, because of better ink coverage. Smoothness is measured using the air leak method - the greater the level of air leakage, at a certain air pressure, from below the cylindrical blades placed on the surface, the more rough the surface.
Caliper/Thickness: In the United States, calipers are usually expressed in thousandths of an inch (0.001 ") or point, where a piece of cardboard with a thickness of 0.024" will be 24 points. In Europe it is often sold in g/m 2 , but the board thickness is measured in microns (? M).
Cartons also tend to be called thickness rather than weight.
White: This refers to the same existence of all colors, since white sheets will actually reflect all the wavelengths of visible light evenly.
Paper industry
The paper carton sector is primarily seen in conjunction with the paper industry. Paper & amp; The size of the carton market (2007) has a value of 630.9 billion USD and volume of 320.3 million metric tons. Of the market it is 40.1% is Europe. About 50% of all paper produced is used for packaging, followed by printing and writing. According to ProCarton, paper and paperboard consumption seems to correlate with economic trends (GDP). Cardboard sales in Europe amount to about 8 billion Euros. More than 1,100 printers produce 5.4 million tons of cartons each year. Cartons make up one-third of paper and board packaging and 15% of all packaging. Slightly more than half (54%) of European cartons are produced using recovered fiber or waste paper. Paper and paperboard industries are energy-intensive and capital-intensive. Only the coated board machine itself can cost about 90 - 120 million Euros (about 125 - 166 million USD at 11/2011). The economic scale applies, as some big players often dominate the market. For example. in North America, the top 5 manufacturers have 85% market share.
See also
- Paper coated
- Paper Creation
- Slip sheet
References
Further reading
- Brody, A. L., and Marsh, K, S., The Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology , John Wiley & amp; Sons, 1997, ISBNÃ, 0-471-06397-5
- Soroka, W., Fundamentals of Packaging Technology , IoPP, 2002, ISBNÃ, 1-930268-25-4
External links
- TAPPI - Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industry
- 'Paper thickness reference guidelines
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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