The pattern is the regularity that is visible in the world or in man-made design. Thus, the elements of the pattern repeat in a predictable way. The geometric pattern is a type of pattern that is shaped from a geometric shape and is usually repeated like a wallpaper design.
Each sense can directly observe the pattern. Conversely, abstract patterns in science, mathematics, or language can be observed only by analysis. Direct observation in practice means seeing visual patterns, which are widespread in nature and in art. The visual patterns in nature are often chaotic, never completely repetitive, and often involve fractals. The natural patterns include spirals, meanders, waves, foams, tilings, cracks, and those created by rotational and reflection symmetry. Patterns have an underlying mathematical structure; indeed, mathematics can be seen as a search of order, and the output of any function is a mathematical pattern. Similarly in science, theories explain and predict order in the world.
In art and architecture, decorations or visual motifs can be combined and repeated to form patterns designed to have a selected effect on the audience. In computer science, software design patterns are a known solution to classroom problems in programming. In fashion, patterns are templates used to create a number of similar clothing.
Video Pattern
Nature
Nature provides examples of different types of patterns, including symmetry, trees and other structures with dimensions of fractals, spirals, meanders, waves, foams, tilings, cracks and lines.
Symmetry
Symmetry is widespread in living things. Moving animals usually have bilateral or mirror symmetry because this movement is advantageous. Plants often have radial or rotational symmetry, as do many flowers, as well as animals that are mostly static as adults, such as sea anemones. Fivefold symmetry is found in echinoderms, including starfish, sea urchins, and sea lilies.
Among nonliving objects, snowflakes have six striking symmetries: each flake is unique, its structure recording various conditions during the same crystallization process in each of its six arms. Crystal has a very specific set of symmetry crystals; they can be cubic or octahedral, but can not have five symmetries (unlike quasicrystals).
Spirals
Spiral patterns are found in animal body plans including mollusks such as nautilus, and in many plant phyllotaxis, the two leaves rotate around the stem, and in some spirals are found in flowers such as sunflowers and fruit structures such as pineapple.
Chaos, flow, meander
Chaos theory predicts that while the laws of physics are deterministic, events and patterns in nature never really recur because a very small difference in the initial conditions can lead to very different results. Many natural patterns are shaped by this clear randomness, including vortex streets and other effects of turbulent flow such as meanders in rivers.
Waves, sand dunes
Waves are distractions that carry energy while moving. Mechanical waves propagate through the medium-air or water, making it oscillate as they pass. Windwaves are surface waves that create chaotic marine patterns. As they pass through the sand, such waves create ripple patterns; just as when the wind passes through the sand, it creates a dune pattern.
Bubbles, foam
The foam obeys Plateau's law, which requires the film to be smooth and continuous, and has a constant average curvature. Foam patterns and bubbles occur widely in nature, for example in radiolarians, sponge sponges, and skeletons of silicoflagellate and sea urchins.
Crag
Cracks are formed in the material to relieve stress: with 120 degree connection in the elastic material, but at 90 degrees in the inelastic material. Thus the crack pattern indicates whether the material is elastic or not. Crack patterns are widespread in nature, for example in rocks, mud, tree bark and painting glazes and old ceramics.
Spots, lines
Alan Turing, and later mathematical biologist James D. Murray and other scientists, describe a mechanism that spontaneously creates a pattern of streaks or stripes, for example on mammalian or bird skin: a reaction-diffusion system involving two countermeasures of chemical mechanisms, which activate and which inhibits progression, such as dark pigment in the skin. These spatiotemporal patterns are slowly drifting, the animal's appearance changing without being felt as Turing had predicted.
Maps Pattern
Art and architecture
Tightening
In the visual arts, the pattern consists in order which in some way "regulates the surface or structure in a consistent and orderly fashion." At its simplest, a pattern in art can be either geometric or other forms of repetition in paintings, drawings, tapestries, ceramic tiles or carpets, but the pattern does not need to repeat exactly as long as it provides some form or organizing the "skeleton" in the artwork. In mathematics, tessellation is a tile of a field that uses one or more geometric shapes (called math tiles), without overlap and no gaps.
In architecture
In architecture, motives are repeated in various ways to form patterns. Simply, a window-like structure can be repeated horizontally and vertically (see main image). Architects can use and replicate decorative and structural elements such as columns, pediments, and lintels. Repetition does not have to be identical; for example, temples in South India have a rough pyramid shape, where the elements of the pattern repeat in a fractal way as in different sizes.
Science and math
Mathematics is sometimes called "The Science of Patterns", in the sense of rules that can be applied wherever necessary. For example, the sequence of numbers that can be modeled by a mathematical function can be considered a pattern. Mathematics can be taught as a set of patterns.
Fractal
Some mathematical patterns can be visualized, and among them are those that explain patterns in nature including mathematical symmetry, waves, meanders, and fractals. Fractals are an invariant scale mathematical pattern. This means the shape of the pattern does not depend on how close you see it. Self-similarity is found in fractals. Examples of natural fractals are shorelines and tree shapes, which repeat their shape regardless of what magnification you see. While self-similar patterns can appear without complex boundaries, the rules required to describe or produce their formations can be simple (eg Lindenmayer systems that describe tree shapes).
In the pattern theory, designed by Ulf Grenander, mathematicians attempt to describe the world in terms of patterns. The goal is to expel the world in a more computational way.
In the broadest sense, whatever order can be explained by scientific theory is a pattern. As in mathematics, science can be taught as a set of patterns.
Computer science
In computer science, software design patterns, in the template sense, are a common solution to problems in programming. The design pattern provides an outline of reusable architecture that can speed up the development of many computer programs.
Mode
In fashion, the pattern is a template, a two-dimensional technical tool used to create a number of identical outfits. This can be considered as a means of translating from drawing to real garment.
See also
- Archetypes
- Mobile Otomata
- Constant shape
- Coin patterns
- Pattern recognition
- Pattern (casting)
- Pedagogical pattern
Note
References
Bibliography
In nature
- Adam, John A. Mathematics in Nature: Modeling Patterns in the Natural World . Princeton, 2006.
- Ball, P. Homemade Rug: The Formation of Patterns in Nature . Oxford, 2001.
- Edmaier, B. Earth Pattern . Phaidon Press, 2007.
- Haeckel, E. Natural Art Art . Dover, 1974.
- Stevens, P.S. Patterns in Nature . Penguin, 1974.
- Stewart, Ian. What Shape is Snowflake? Magic Number in Nature . Weidenfeld & amp; Nicolson, 2001.
- Thompson, D. W., 1992. About Growth and Forms . Dover reprint of 1942 second edition. (1st ed., 1917). ISBNÃ, 0-486-67135-6, is available online at Internet Archive
In art and architecture
- Alexander, C. Pattern Language: City, Building, Construction . Oxford, 1977.
- de Baeck, P. Pattern . Booqs, 2009.
- Garcia, M. Architectural Pattern . Wiley, 2009.
- Kiely, O. Pattern . Conran Octopus, 2010.
- Pritchard, S. V & amp; Pattern A: The Fifties . V & amp; A Publishing, 2009.
- Circle-Patterns on the Roman Mosaic in Greece
In science and math
- Adam, J.A. Mathematics in Nature: Modeling Patterns in the Natural World . Princeton, 2006.
- Resnik, M.D. Mathematics as a Pattern of Science . Oxford, 1999.
In computing
- Gamma, E., Helm, R., Johnson, R., Vlissides, J. Design Pattern . Addison-Wesley, 1994.
- Bishop, C.M. Introduction of Machine Patterns and Learning . Springer, 2007.
External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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