The history and culture of breastfeeding changes the social, medical and legal attitudes to breastfeeding, breastfeeding action directly from breast to mouth. Breastfeeding can be done by the baby's mother or by a substitute, usually called a wet nurse.
Breastfeeding is the natural way in which babies receive food. In most societies, women usually feed their own babies, becoming the most natural, convenient, and cost-effective method of breastfeeding babies. But there are situations when a mother can not breastfeed her own baby, for example she may have died, become unwell or unable to breastfeed for her baby. Before the availability of infant formula, in such situations, unless the wet nurse is found immediately, the baby may die, and the infant mortality rate is very high. Wet nurses are a normal part of the social order, although social attitudes for wet breastfeeding vary, as well as wet nurse social status. The attitude to breastfeeding itself is beginning to look common; too common for the royal family to do, even in ancient societies, and wet nurses employed to feed the royalty children. This attitude is extended over time, especially in Western Europe, where noble baby girls are often treated by wet nurses. Lower class women breast-feed their babies and use wet nurses only if they can not feed their own baby.
Efforts were made in 15th century Europe to use cow's milk or goats, but these efforts did not work. In the 18th century, flour or cereal mixed with broth was introduced as a substitute for breastfeeding, but this also did not work. An improved baby formula emerged in the mid-19th century, providing an alternative to wet breastfeeding, and even breast-feeding itself.
During the early twentieth century, breastfeeding began to be seen negatively, especially in Canada and the United States, where it was considered a low-grade and uncultured practice. The use of infant formula increased, which accelerated after World War II. From 1960 onwards, breastfeeding experienced a revival that continued into the 2000s, although negative attitudes toward breastfeeding remained until the 1990s.
Video History and culture of breastfeeding
Sejarah awal
In the kingdom of Egypt, Greece and Rome, women usually only feed their own children. However, breastfeeding began to be seen as something too common for the royal family to do, and the wet nurses were employed to breastfeed the children of the royal family. This was extended over the centuries, especially in Western Europe, where noble women often used wet nurses. Peruvian Moche Craftsmen (1-800 A.D.) represent women breast-feeding their children in ceramic vessels.
Breastfeeding is still being done in many developing countries when mothers need help to feed their children.
Japanese
Traditionally, Japanese women give birth at home and are breastfed with the help of breast massage. Weaning is often delayed, with breastfeeding in rare cases continuing until early adolescence. After World War II Western medicine was brought to Japan and women began giving birth at the hospital, where babies are usually taken to the nursery and formula fed. In 1974 a new breastfeeding campaign by the government helped raise awareness of its benefits and its prevalence has risen sharply. Japan became the first developed country to have a baby friendly hospital, and in 2006 had 24 other facilities.
Islam
In the Qur'an it is mentioned that a child should be breastfed if both parents agree:
Mothers can breastfeed their children for a full two years for anyone who wants to complete nursing... And if you want your children to be taken care of by a substitute, there is no mistake over you as long as you make payment according to what is acceptable. (part of Surat al-Baqarah 2: 233)
... and the pregnancy and its weaning [period] are thirty months... (part of Surat al-Ahqaf 46:15)
Islam has recommended breastfeeding for two years to 30 months, either by a wet mother or nurse. Even in pre-Islamic Arabs children are breastfed, generally by wet nurses.
Maps History and culture of breastfeeding
18th century
In the 18th century male medical practitioners began work in the areas of pregnancy, birth and infancy, areas traditionally dominated by women. Also in the 18th century the emerging sciences argued that women should stay home to breastfeed and raise their children, as well as animals. Governments in Europe are starting to worry about the decline in labor because of the high mortality rate among newborns. Wet treatment is regarded as one of the main problems. The campaign was launched against the habits of higher classes to use wet nurses. Women are advised or even forced by law to breast-feed their own children. Biologist and physician Linnaeus, Cadogan's English doctor, Rousseau, and midwife Anel le Rebours described in their paper the advantages and needs of women breast-feeding their own children and breaking wet breast feeding practices. Sir Hans Sloane recorded the value of breastfeeding in reducing infant mortality in 1748. The owner in Chelsea was later converted into a botanical garden visited by Carl Linnaeus in 1736. In 1752 Linnaeus wrote a pamphlet against the use of a wet nurse. Linnaeus considers this to be contrary to the laws of nature. Babies who are not treated by their mothers are not given colostrum laxatives. Linnaeus thinks that lower-class wet nurses eat too much fat, drink alcohol and have infectious diseases (genitals), resulting in deadly milk.
Mother's milk is considered a magic liquid that can heal people and give wisdom. The mythical figure of Philosophia-Sapientia, the personification of wisdom, sucks philosophers on his chest and in this way they absorb moral wisdom and virtue. On the other hand, it is lactation that connects people to animals. Linnaeus - which classifies animal nature - does not inadvertently change the category name 'quadrupedia' (four feet) in 'mammals' (mammals). By this act he makes breast feeding women as an icon of this class of animals in which humans are classified.
19th century
Historian Rima D. Apple writes in his book Mothers and Medicine. A Social History of Infant Feeding, 1890-1950 that in the United States most babies are breastfed. The Dutch historian, Van Eekelen, examined the small amount of evidence available about the practice of breastfeeding in the Netherlands. Around 1860 in the Dutch province of Zeeland, about 67% of infants were being treated, but there was a big difference in the region. Women are required to breastfeed their babies: "Every mother should take care of her own child, if she is fit to do so (...) no woman is fit to have an unhealthy child to care for her."
Mother's milk is considered best for babies, but the quality of breast milk is found to vary. The quality of breast milk is considered good only if the mother has a good diet, has physical exercise and is mentally balanced. In Europe (especially in France) and fewer in the US, the practice among the middle and upper classes to hire wet nurses. If it is too difficult to find a wet nurse, people use formula to feed their baby, but this is considered very dangerous for the health and life of the baby.
Decline and revival in the 20th and 21st centuries
Breastfeeding in the Western world declined significantly from the late 1800s to the 1960s. In the 1950s, the dominant attitude to breastfeeding was that it was something practiced by the uneducated and the people of the lower classes. The exercise was considered old-fashioned and "slightly disgusting" for those who could not afford formula and were disappointed by medical practitioners and the media at the time. Letters and editorials to Chatelaine from 1945 to the end of 1995 on breastfeeding were predominantly negative. However, since the mid-1960s there has been a steady awakening in breastfeeding practices in Canada and the US, especially among women who are more educated and prosperous.
In 2018, Transgender Health reported that a transgender woman in the United States breastfed her adopted baby; this is the first known case of a transgender woman breastfeeding.
Canada
A Canadian government health survey in 1994 found that 73% of Canadian mothers started breastfeeding, up from 38% in 1963. It has been speculated that the gap between breeding generation in Canada contributes to the lack of success those who try it: new parents can not see family members who older to help breastfeed because they also do not know about this topic. Western Canadians are more likely to breastfeed; only 53% of mothers in the Atlantic province were breastfed, compared with 87% in British Columbia. More than 90% of women surveyed said they breastfeed because it provides more benefits to babies than formula. Of women who are not breastfeeding, 40% say formula feeding is easier (the most common answer). Older women, higher education, higher income, and marriage are the most likely to breastfeed. Immigrant women are also more likely to breastfeed. About 40% of breastfeeding mothers do less than three months. Women are more likely to stop breastfeeding if they think they do not have enough milk. However, among women who breastfeed for more than three months, returning to work or a previous decision to quit at that time is the main reason.
A 2003 La Leche League International study found that 72% of Canadian mothers started breastfeeding and 31% continued to do so for four to five months.
A 1996 article in the Canadian Journal of Public Health found that, in Vancouver, 82.9% of mothers started breast-feeding, but this was different from Caucasian (91.6%) and non-Caucasian (56.8%) women. Only 18.2% of breastfeeding mothers in nine months; breastfeeding practices are significantly related to maternal marital status, education and family income.
Cuban
Since 1940, the Cuban constitution has contained provisions that officially recognize and support breastfeeding. Article 68 of the 1975 Constitution reads, in part: For six weeks immediately before delivery and the next six weeks, a woman will enjoy a mandatory vacation from working on a wage at the same rate, retaining her employment and all related rights. for such work and his employment contract. During the nursing period, two extraordinary daily breaks every half hour each person will be allowed to feed his/her child. Developing country
In many countries, especially those with poor health, malnutrition is the leading cause of death in children under 5, with 50% of all cases in the first year of life. International organizations such as Plan International and La Leche League have helped promote breastfeeding worldwide, educating new mothers and helping governments develop strategies to increase the number of women who breastfeed exclusively.
Traditional beliefs in many developing countries provide different advice to women who are raising their newborn children. In Ghana babies are still often given tea along with breastfeeding, reducing the benefits of breastfeeding and inhibiting the absorption of iron, important in the prevention of anemia.
Publicity, promotion and law
In response to public pressure, the health ministries of various governments have recognized the importance of encouraging mothers to breastfeed. Provision of necessary baby replacement facilities is a major step towards making public places more accessible to parents and in many countries now there are laws that apply to protect the rights of breastfeeding mothers when feeding their children in public.
The World Health Organization (WHO), along with grassroots non-government organizations such as the International Baby Food Action Network (IBFAN) has played a major role in encouraging government departments to promote breastfeeding. Based on these suggestions they have developed national breastfeeding strategies, including the promotion of benefits and efforts to encourage mothers, especially those under 25, to choose to feed their children with breast milk.
Government campaigns and strategies around the world include:
- National Breastfeeding Week in the United Kingdom
- Health and Aging Breastfeeding Strategy in Australia
- National Women's Health Information Center in the United States
- World Breastfeeding Week
However, there has been a long and ongoing struggle between companies that promote artificial replacements and grassroots organizations and WHOs that promote breastfeeding. The International Code of Breast-Replacement Marketing was developed in 1981 by the WHO, but violations have been reported by organizations, including the network at IBFAN. In particular, NestlÃÆ'Â © took three years before initially implementing the code, and in the late 1990s and early 2000s again found to be breaking. NestlÃÆ' Â © previously faced a boycott, starting in the US but soon spreading across the globe, for marketing practices in the third world (see NestlÃÆ'Â © boycott).
Breastfeeding in public
A mother who breastfeeds in public with her baby will often need to breastfeed her baby. The infant's need to feed can not be determined by a set schedule, so the legal and social rules of indecent exposure and dress code are often adjusted to meet this need. Many laws around the world make the public legally breast-feed and prohibit companies prohibit it at work, but the reaction of some to breastfeeding can make things uncomfortable for those involved. Some breastfeeding mothers are reluctant to breastfeed in public.
AS
The bill of appropriation of the United States House of Representatives (HR 2490) with a breastfeeding amendment was signed into law on 29 September 1999. It established that no government fund could be used to enforce any ban on women who breast-feed their children in buildings Federal or Federal. property. Furthermore, U.S. Public Law 106-58 Seconds. 647 was enacted in 1999, specifically stating that "a woman may breastfeed her child at any location in the Federal building or on Federal property, if the woman and her child are otherwise authorized to be present at the site." Most states have passed a state law that specifically allows the exposure of female breasts by babies who breastfeed women, or frees the woman from prosecution under applicable law, such as those involving indecent exposure.
Most, but not all, state laws have established the same rights in their public places. As of June 2006, 36 countries have enacted laws to protect nursing mothers and their children. The law protecting the rights to nurses aims to change attitudes and increase the incidence and duration of breastfeeding. Recent attempts to codify children's rights to nurses were unsuccessful in West Virginia and other states. Breastfeeding in the public is legal in all 50 US states and the District of Columbia.
English
The UK Department of Health Survey found that 84% considered breastfeeding publicly acceptable if done secretly; However, 67% of mothers are concerned about public opinion against breastfeeding publicly. In Scotland, a bill protecting women's freedom for breastfeeding was publicly endorsed in 2005 by the Scottish Parliament. The law allows fines of up to Ã, Â £ 2500 to prevent breastfeeding in places that are legally permitted.
Canada
In Canada, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedom provides protection under the sex equation. Although Canadian human rights protection does not explicitly include breastfeeding, the Supreme Court of Canada's decision in 1989 (Brooks v. Safeway Canada) sets a precedent for pregnancy as a condition unique to women and that thus discrimination on the basis of pregnancy is a form of discriminatory sex. The precepts of Canadian law also allow women to have the right to bare their breasts, just as men might. In British Columbia, the British Columbia Human Rights Commission's Policy and Procedures Manual protects the rights of female workers who wish to breastfeed.
Recent global uptake
The following table shows exclusive breastfeeding acceptance.
Alternative
If a mother can not feed her own baby, and no wet nurse is available, then another alternative must be found, usually animal milk. In addition, once the mother begins to wean her child, the first meal is very important.
Feeding ships dating from around 2000 BC have been found in Egypt. A mother holds a very modern breastfeeding bottle in one hand and a stick, perhaps to mix the food, on the other hand depicted with the help found in the ruins of the palace of King Ashurbanipal Niniwe, who died in 888 BC. Clay-feeding vessels are found in tombs with babies from the first to fifth centuries in Rome.
Valerie Fildes wrote in her book Breasts, bottles, and babies. Baby Feeding History about examples from the 9th to 15th century children get animal milk. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Icelandic infants got cow's milk with cream and butter. Breast-feeding animals show that many babies are fed more or less directly from animals, especially goats.
In 1582, Italian physician Geronimo Mercuriali wrote in De morbis mulieribus In women's illness that women generally finish breastfeeding exclusively after the third month and all about 13 years. month of age.
Eating flour or cereal mixed with broth or water became the next alternative in the 19th century, but again quickly faded. Around this time there was a clear distinction in the eating habits of those living in rural areas and people in urban areas. Most likely because of the availability of alternative foods, infants in urban areas are breastfed for a much shorter period of time, supplementing feeds earlier than in rural areas.
Although first developed by Henri NestlÃÆ' © in the 1860s, baby formula got a big boost during the post-World War II baby boom. As business and birth decline, and government strategies in industrialized countries seek to highlight the benefits of breastfeeding, Nestlà ©  © and other such companies focus their aggressive marketing campaigns in developing countries. In 1979, the International Baby Food Action Network (IBFAN) was established to help raise awareness of practices such as supplementary feeding for new babies with inappropriate formula and promotion of formula milk, and to help change attitudes that prevent or impede mothers breastfeed her baby..
See also
- Nursing chair
- Wean
- Human milk banking in North America
- Postnatal confinement, a recovery system from labor that allows mothers and babies to learn how to breastfeed
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments