Cardiology (from the Greek ?????? kardi? , "heart "and - ????? -logia ," study ") is a branch of medicine that deals with heart disorders as well as part of the circulatory system. These fields include medical diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, heart valve disease and electrophysiology. This doctor who specializes in medicine is called cardiologist , an internal medicine specialist. Pediatric cardiologists are pediatricians specializing in cardiology. Doctors specializing in cardiac surgery are called cardiothoracic surgeon or cardiac surgeon , a general surgeon.
Although the cardiovascular system is closely related to blood, cardiology is relatively unconcerned with haematology and its disease. Some obvious exceptions that affect cardiac function are blood tests (electrolyte disturbance, troponin), decreased oxygen-carrying capacity (anemia, hypovolemic shock), and coagulopathy.
Video Cardiology
Specialization
All cardiologists study heart disorders, but studies of adult and childhood heart disorders are done through different training pathways. Therefore, an adult cardiologist (often simply called a "cardiologist") is not adequately trained to care for children, and pediatric cardiologists are not trained to treat adult heart disease. Surgical aspects are not included in cardiology and are in the domain of cardiothoracic surgery. For example, coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG), cardiopulmonary bypass and valve replacement is a surgical procedure performed by a surgeon, not a cardiologist. But the insertion of a stent, a pacemaker is performed by a cardiologist
Adult cardiology
Cardiology is an internal medicine specialization. To become a cardiologist in the United States, a three-year residency in internal medicine is followed by a three-year fellowship in cardiology. It is possible to specialize further in the sub-specialization. The sub-specialties recognized in the United States by ACGME are cardiac electrophysiology, echocardiography, interventional cardiology, and nuclear cardiology. Subspecializations recognized in the United States by the American Osteopathic Association of Osteopathic Specialists (AOABOS) include clinical cardiology and interventional cardiology.
Per proximity, the adult cardiologist makes an average of $ 436,849 in the United States.
Cardiac electrophysiology
Cardiac electrophysiology is the science of elucidating, diagnosing, and treating the electrical activity of the heart. The term is commonly used to describe the study of the phenomenon with invasive catheter recording (intracardiac) from spontaneous activity as well as the heart's response to the electrical stimulation program (PES). These studies were conducted to assess complex arrhythmia, explain symptoms, evaluate abnormal electrocardiogram, assess the risk of developing arrhythmia in the future, and design care. This procedure further includes therapeutic methods (usually radiofrequency ablation, or cryoablation) in addition to diagnostic and prognostic procedures. Other therapeutic modalities used in this area include antiarrhythmic drug therapy and implantation of pacemaker and automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD).
Cardiac electrophysiology studies (EPS) typically measure the response of the wounded or cardiomyopathic myocardium to PES in specific pharmacologic regimens to assess the likelihood that the regimen will successfully prevent ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ongoing ventricular ventilation of VF (VF) in the future. Sometimes a series of EPS drug trials should be performed to enable cardiologists to choose a regimen for long-term treatment that best prevents or retards development of VT or VF after PES. Such research can also be done with a newly planted or recently replaced pacemaker or AICD.
Clinical heart electrophysiology
Clinical heart electrophysiology is a branch of medical specialty cardiology and is concerned with the study and treatment of cardiac rhythm disorders. Cardiologists with expertise in this field are usually referred to as electrophysiologists. Electrophysiologists are trained in the mechanisms, functions, and performance of the electrical activity of the heart. Electrophysiologists work closely with cardiologists and other cardiologists to assist or guide therapy for cardiac rhythm disorders (arrhythmias). They are trained to perform interventions and surgical procedures to treat cardiac arrhythmias.
Training is required to be a long electrophysiologist and takes 7 to 8 years after medical school (in the US). Three years of internal drug residency, three years of Clinical Cardiology fellowship, and one to two (in many instances) years of clinical cardiac electrophysiology.
Cardiogeriatrics
Cardiogeriatrics or geriatric cardiology is a branch of cardiology and geriatric medicine associated with cardiovascular disorders in the elderly.
Cardiac disorders such as coronary heart disease (including myocardial infarction, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmias (such as atrial fibrillation) and others are common and are a leading cause of death in the elderly.Vascular disorders such as atherosclerosis and peripheral arterial disease cause significant morbidity and death in the elderly.
Echocardiography
Echocardiography uses two dimensional, three-dimensional, and Doppler ultrasound to create heart images.
Echocardiography has been routinely used in the diagnosis, management, and follow-up of patients with known or suspected heart disease. This is one of the most widely used diagnostic tests in cardiology. It can provide a lot of useful information, including the size and shape of the heart (internal chamber size size), pumping capacity, and location and level of tissue damage. An echocardiogram may also provide doctors with other estimates of cardiac function, such as calculation of cardiac output, ejection fraction, and diastolic function (how well the heart relaxes).
Echocardiography can help detect cardiomyopathy, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, and many others. The use of stress echocardiography can also help determine whether chest pain or related symptoms are associated with heart disease. The greatest advantage for echocardiography is not invasive (it does not involve breaking of the skin or entering the body cavity) and has no known risks or side effects.
Interventional cardiology
Interventional cardiology is a branch of cardiology that deals specifically with the treatment of structural cardiac disease based on catheters. Andreas Gruentzig was considered the father of interventional cardiology after the development of angioplasty by an interventional radiologist, Charles Dotter. A large number of procedures can be performed on the heart with catheterization. This most often involves inserting the sheath to the femoral artery (but, in practice, large peripheral arteries or veins) and cannulating the heart under X-ray visualization (most commonly fluoroscopy).
The main advantages of using an interventional cardiology or radiology approach are avoiding scars and pain, and long postoperative recovery. In addition, interventional cardiology procedures of primary angioplasty are now the gold treatment standard for acute myocardial infarction. It involves the extraction of clots from clogged coronary arteries and the spread of stents and balloons through a small hole created in the main artery, which has given it the name "pin-hole operation" (as opposed to "keyhole surgery").
pediatric cardiology
Helen B. Taussig is known as the founder of pediatric cardiology. He became famous through his work with Tetralogy of Fallot, a congenital heart disorder in which oxygenated and deoxygenated blood enters the circulatory system resulting from a ventricular septal defect (VSD) just below the aorta. This condition causes the newborn to have a bluish tint, cyanosis, and lack of oxygen in the tissues, hypoxemia. He worked with Alfred Blalock and Vivien Thomas at Johns Hopkins Hospital where they experimented with dogs to see how they would try to cure this "blue baby" surgically. They finally know how to do that with anastomosis from the systemic artery to the pulmonary artery and call it Blalock-Taussig Shunt.
Tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary atresia, double right ventricle, large arterial transposition, persistent trunk arteriosus, and Ebstein anomaly are congenital heart disease. Congenital cyanotic heart disease is where there is something wrong with the heart of a newborn and does not oxidize blood efficiently.
Tetralogy of Fallot
Tetralogy of Fallot is the most common congenital heart disease that occurs in 1-3 cases per 1,000 births. The cause of this defect is the ventricular septal defect (VSD) and aortic override. These two combined defects cause deoxygenated blood to pass through the lungs and return to the circulatory system. The modified Bluntock-Taussig shunt is usually used to improve circulation. This procedure is performed by placing a graft between the subclavian artery and the ipsilateral pulmonary artery to restore proper blood flow.
Atresia Pulang
Pulmonary atresia occurs at 7-8 per 100,000 births and is characterized by the aorta branching out of the right ventricle. This causes deoxygenated blood to pass through the lungs and enter the circulatory system. Surgery can improve this by redirecting the aorta and correcting the right ventricle and pulmonary artery connections.
There are two types of pulmonary atresia, classified by whether the infant also has a ventricular septal defect.
- Pulmonary atria with intact ventricular septum: This type of pulmonary atresia is associated with intact and intact septum between the ventricles.
- Pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect: This type of pulmonary atresia occurs when the ventricular septal defect allows blood to flow in and out of the right ventricle.
Duplex Multiple Outlet (DORV)
The right ventricle of two outlets is when both the large arteries, the pulmonary artery and the aorta, are connected to the right ventricle. Usually there are VSDs in different places depending on the variation of DORV, usually 50% is subaortic and 30%. The surgery that can be done to correct this defect may vary due to different physiology and blood flow in the heart that is deformed. One way it can be cured is by closing the VSD and placing the duct to restart the blood flow between the left ventricle and the aorta and between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. Another way is a pulmonary arterial-to-pulmonary shunt in cases associated with pulmonary stenosis. Also, atrial septostomy balloon can be performed to correct DORV with Taussig-Bing anomaly.
Large Artery Transpositions
There are two types of transposition of large arteries, Dextro-transposition of large arteries and Levo transposition of large arteries, depending on where the rooms and vessels connect. Dextro-transposition occurs in about 1 in 4,000 newborns and when the right ventricle pumps blood into the aortic and deoxygenated blood enters the bloodstream. The temporary procedure is to create an atrial septal defect (ASD). Permanent repair is more complicated and involves redirecting the pulmonary to the right atrium and the systemic return to the left atrium, known as the Senning procedure. The Rastelli procedure can also be done by diverting out the left ventricle flow, splitting the pulmonary stem, and placing the channel between the right ventricle and the lung stem. Levo-transposition occurs in about 1 in 13,000 newborns and is characterized by the left ventricle pumping blood to the lungs and the right ventricle pumping blood into the aorta. This may not cause problems at the beginning, but will eventually be caused by different pressures every ventricle is used to pump blood. Switching the left ventricle into the systemic ventricle and the right ventricle to pump blood into the pulmonary artery can improve the leval transposition.
Persistent Tractus Arteriosis
Persistent trunken arteriosus is when the truncus arteriosus fails to divide into the aorta and the pulmonary trunk. This occurs in about 1 in 11,000 live births and allows both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood into the body. Improvements consist of VSD closure and Rastelli procedures.
Ebstein Anomaly
Ebstein anomaly is characterized by a significantly enlarged right atrium and a boxy heart. This is very rare and occurs in less than 1% of cases of congenital heart disease. Surgical improvement varies depending on the severity of the disease.
Pediatric cardiology is a pediatric sub-specialty. To become a pediatric cardiologist in the United States, one must complete a three-year residency in pediatrics, followed by a three-year scholarship in pediatric cardiology. Per closeness, the cardiologist of the children makes an average of $ 303,917 in the United States.
Maps Cardiology
Heart
As a cardiological focus center, the heart has many anatomical features (eg, atria, ventricle, heart valves) and many physiological features (eg, systole, heart sound, afterload) that have been documented encyclopedic for centuries.
Liver disorders cause heart disease and cardiovascular disease and can lead to a large number of deaths: cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States and accounts for 24.95% of total deaths in 2008.
The primary responsibility of the heart is to pump blood throughout the body. It pumps blood from the body - called the systemic circulation - through the lungs - called the pulmonary circulation - and then back to the body. This means that the heart is connected and affects the whole body. Simplify, the heart is a circuit of Circulation. While much is known about heart health, most studies in the field of cardiology are in heart and recovery disorders, and if possible, function.
The heart is a muscle that squeezes the blood and functions like a pump. Each part of the heart is susceptible to failure or dysfunction and the heart can be divided into mechanical and electrical parts.
The heart's electrical part is centered on the periodic contraction (squeezing) of muscle cells caused by pacemakers located in the sinoatrial node. The study of the electrical aspect is a sub-field of electrophysiology called cardiac electrophysiology and is represented by an electrocardiogram (EKG/EKG). The potential action generated in the pacemaker spreads throughout the heart in a particular pattern. The system that carries this potential is called the electrical conduction system. Electrical system dysfunction manifests in many ways and may include Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, ventricular fibrillation, and heart block.
The heart's mechanical part is centered on the movement of blood fluid and heart function as a pump. The mechanical part is ultimately the goal of the heart and many heart problems interfere with the ability to move blood. Failure to move enough blood can result in failure of other organs and may result in death if severe. Heart failure is one condition in which the mechanical properties of the heart have failed or failed, which means not enough blood is circulating.
Coronary Circulation
Coronary circulation is the blood circulation in the heart muscle vessels (myocardium). The blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium are known as coronary arteries. The blood vessels that are deoxygenated from the heart muscle are known as the heart veins. These include large venous heart, central heart vein, small venous heart and anterior heart vein.
As the left and right coronary arteries run on the surface of the heart, they can be called epicardial coronary arteries. These arteries, when healthy, are capable of autoregulation to maintain coronary blood flow at levels appropriate to the heart muscle needs. These relatively narrow blood vessels are generally affected by atherosclerosis and can become blocked, causing angina or heart attacks. (See also: circulatory system.) The coronary arteries that travel deep within the myocardium are referred to as subendocardials.
Coronary arteries are classified as "final circulation", because they represent the only source of blood supply to the myocardium; there is very little blood supply, which is why this blood vessel blockage is so critical.
Cardiac examination
Cardiac examination (also called a "precordial exam"), is performed as part of a physical exam, or when a patient presents with chest pain indicating a cardiovascular disorder. It will usually be modified depending on the indication and integrated with other examinations, especially the respiratory examination.
Like all medical examinations, cardiac examinations follow standard checks, palpation and auscultation.
Heart failure
Cardiology is associated with normal cardiac function and deviation from a healthy heart. Many disorders involve the heart itself but some are outside the heart and in the vascular system. Collectively, the two are together called the cardiovascular system and the disease of one part tends to affect the other.
Hypertension
Hypertension, also known as "high blood pressure", is a long-term medical condition in which blood pressure in the arteries keeps increasing.High blood pressure usually does not cause symptoms Long term high blood pressure, however, is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease , stroke, heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, vision loss, and chronic kidney disease.
Lifestyle factors can increase the risk of hypertension. These include excess salt in diet, overweight, smoking, and alcohol. Hypertension can also be caused by other diseases, or as a side effect of drugs.
Blood pressure is expressed by two measurements, systolic and diastolic pressure, which is the maximum and minimum pressure, respectively. Normal blood pressure during rest is in systolic 100-140 millimeters (mmHg) and diastolic 60-90 mmHg. High blood pressure is present if blood pressure breaks continuously at or above 140/90 mmHg for most adults. Different numbers apply to children. Monitoring of outpatient blood pressure for 24 hours is more accurate than the best blood pressure measurement in the office.
Lifestyle changes and medications can lower blood pressure and reduce the risk of health complications. Lifestyle changes include weight loss, decreased salt intake, physical exercise, and a healthy diet. If lifestyle changes are insufficient then blood pressure medication is used. Up to three drugs can control blood pressure in 90% of people. The treatment of arterial high blood pressure (defined as <160/100 mmHg) with drugs is associated with an increased life expectancy. The effects of blood pressure treatment between 140/90 mmHg and 160/100 mmHg are less clear, with some reviews finding benefits and others finding lack of evidence for benefits. High blood pressure affects between 16 and 37% of the population globally. In 2010, hypertension is believed to be a factor in 18% (9.4 million) deaths.
Essential vs Secondary Hypertension
Essential hypertension is a form of hypertension that by definition has no identifiable cause. This is the most common type of hypertension, which affects 95% of hypertensive patients, tends to be familial and likely to be a consequence of the interaction between environmental and genetic factors. The prevalence of essential hypertension increases with age, and individuals with relatively high blood pressure at a younger age have a higher risk for subsequent hypertension development. Hypertension can increase the risk of cerebral, cardiovascular and kidney events.
Secondary hypertension is a type of hypertension caused by an identifiable secondary cause. This is much more common than essential hypertension, affecting only 5% of hypertensive patients. It has many different causes including endocrine disease, kidney disease, and tumors. It could also be a side effect of many drugs.
Complications of hypertension
Complications of hypertension are the clinical outcomes resulting from persistent increases in blood pressure. Hypertension is a risk factor for all clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis because it is a risk factor for atherosclerosis itself. It is an independent predisposing factor for heart failure, coronary artery disease, stroke, kidney disease, and peripheral arterial disease. This is the most important risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, in industrialized countries.
Cardinal Arrhythmia
Cardiac arrhythmia, also known as "heartbeat" or "irregular heartbeat", is a group of conditions in which the heartbeat is irregular, too fast, or too slow. An excessively fast heart rate - above 100 beats per minute in an adult - is called a tachycardia and a heartbeat that is too slow - below 60 beats per minute - is called bradycardia. Many types of arrhythmias have no symptoms. When symptoms are present, these may include palpitations or feel the pause between heartbeats. More seriously there may be dizziness, fainting, shortness of breath, or chest pain. While most types of arrhythmias are not serious, some affect a person to experience complications such as stroke or heart failure. Others can cause heart attacks.
There are four main types of arrhythmias: extra tap, supraventricular tachycardia, ventricular arrhythmias, and bradyarrhythmias. Extra taps include premature atrial contractions, premature ventricular contractions, and premature junctional contractions. Supraventricular tachycardia includes atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Ventricular arrhythmias include ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. The arrhythmia is due to problems with the electrical conduction system of the heart. Arrhythmia can occur in children; However, the normal range for heart rate is different and depends on age. A number of tests can help with diagnosis including electrocardiogram (ECG) and Holter monitors.
Most arrhythmias can be treated effectively. Treatment may include medications, medical procedures such as pacemakers, and surgery. Drugs for rapid heartbeat may include beta blockers or agents that attempt to restore normal heart rhythms such as procainamide. This subsequent group may have more significant side effects especially if taken for long periods of time. Pacemakers are often used for slow heartbeats. Those with irregular heartbeat are often treated with blood thinners to reduce the risk of complications. Those who have severe symptoms of arrhythmias may receive immediate treatment with an electric shock in the form of cardioversion or defibrillation.
Arrhythmia affects millions of people. In Europe and North America, by 2014, atrial fibrillation affects about 2% to 3% of the population. Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter resulted in 112,000 deaths by 2013, up from 29,000 in 1990. Sudden cardiac death is the cause of about half of all deaths from cardiovascular disease or about 15% of all deaths globally. About 80% sudden cardiac death is the result of ventricular arrhythmias. Arrhythmias can occur at any age but are more common in older people.
Coronary artery disease
Coronary artery disease, also known as "ischemic heart disease", is a group of diseases that include: stable angina, unstable angina, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death. It belongs to the most common type of cardiovascular disease. Common symptoms are chest pain or discomfort that can radiate to the shoulders, arms, back, neck, or jaw. Sometimes it may feel like heartburn. Usually symptoms appear with exercise or emotional distress, lasting less than a few minutes, and getting better with rest. Shortness of breath can also occur and sometimes there are no symptoms. The first sign sometimes is a heart attack. Other complications include heart failure or an irregular heartbeat.
Risk factors include: high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, lack of exercise, obesity, high blood cholesterol, poor diet, and excessive alcohol, among others. Other risks include depression. The underlying mechanism involves atherosclerosis of the heart arteries. A number of tests may help with the diagnosis including: electrocardiogram, cardiac stress test, coronary computed tomographic angiography, and coronary angiogram, among others.
Prevention is by eating healthy foods, exercising regularly, maintaining a healthy weight and not smoking. Sometimes drugs for diabetes, high cholesterol, or high blood pressure are also used. There is limited evidence for screening people who are low-risk and have no symptoms. Treatment involves the same actions as prevention. Additional drugs such as antiplatelets including aspirin, beta blockers, or nitroglycerin may be recommended. Procedures such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery shortcut surgery (CABG) may be used in severe disease. In those with stable CAD it is not clear whether PCI or CABG in addition to other treatments increases life expectancy or lowers the risk of heart attack.
In 2013 CAD was the most common cause of death globally, resulting in 8.14 million deaths (16.8%) up from 5.74 million deaths (12%) in 1990. The risk of deaths due to CAD for a certain age has declined between 1980 and 2010 especially in developed countries. The number of CAD cases for a certain age has also declined between 1990 and 2010. In the United States in 2010 about 20% of those over the age of 65 had CAD, while it was present in 7% of those 45 to 64, and 1 , 3% of them 18 to 45. Prices are higher among men than women at a certain age.
Cardiac arrest
Cardiac arrest is the sudden cessation of effective blood flow because the heart failure contracts effectively. Symptoms include loss of consciousness and abnormal or absent respiration. Some people may experience chest pain, shortness of breath, or nausea before this happens. If untreated within minutes, death usually occurs.
The most common cause of cardiac arrest is coronary artery disease. Less common causes include loss of blood, lack of oxygen, very low potassium, heart failure, and intense physical exercise. A number of congenital abnormalities may also increase the risk including long QT syndrome. Early heart rhythm is the most common ventricular fibrillation. Diagnosis is confirmed by not finding the pulse. While heart attacks can be caused by heart attacks or heart failure, this is not the same.
Prevention includes not smoking, physical activity, and maintaining a healthy weight. The treatment for cardiac arrest is immediate cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and, if there is a surprising rhythm, defibrillation. Among those who survive with targeted temperature management can improve yield. Implanted heart defibrillators may be placed to reduce the likelihood of death from recurrence.
In the United States, heart attacks outside hospitals occur in about 13 per 10,000 people per year (326,000 cases). In hospital heart attacks occur in an additional 209,000 Cardiac arrests become more common with age. It affects men more often than women. The percentage of people who survive on treatment is about 8%. Many who survive have significant disabilities. Many US television shows, however, have described an unrealistic high survival rate of 67%.
Congenital heart defects
Congenital heart defects, also known as "congenital heart defects" or "congenital heart disease", are problems in the structure of the heart that is present at birth. Signs and symptoms depend on the specific type of problem. Symptoms may vary from non-life-threatening. Currently they may include rapid breathing, bluish skin, weight gain, and feel tired. It does not cause chest pain. Most congenital heart problems do not occur in other diseases. Complications that can occur due to heart defects include heart failure.
The cause of congenital heart defects is often unknown. Certain cases may be caused by infections during pregnancy such as rubella, use of drugs or certain drugs such as alcohol or tobacco, close parenthood, or malnutrition or maternal obesity. Having a parent with congenital heart defects is also a risk factor. A number of genetic conditions are associated with heart defects including Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Marfan syndrome. Congenital heart abnormalities are divided into two main groups: cyanotic heart defects and non-cyanotic heart defects, depending on whether the child has the potential to turn bluish in color. The problem may involve the inner wall of the heart, the heart valve, or the large blood vessels leading to and from the heart.
Congenital heart abnormalities can be partially prevented through rubella vaccination, addition of iodine to salt, and addition of folic acid to certain food products. Some defects do not require maintenance. Others may be effectively treated with catheter-based procedures or cardiac surgery. Sometimes a number of operations may be needed. Sometimes a heart transplant is required. With the right treatment results, even with complex problems, it is generally good.
Heart defects are the most common birth defects. In 2013 they are present in 34.3 million people worldwide. They affect between 4 and 75 per 1,000 live births depending on how they are diagnosed. Around 6 to 19 per 1,000 causes moderate to severe problems. Congenital heart abnormalities are the leading cause of death related birth defects. In 2013 they produced 323,000 deaths down from 366,000 deaths in 1990.
Diagnostic tests in cardiology
Diagnostic tests in cardiology are a method for identifying heart conditions associated with healthy and unhealthy heart function. The starting point is to get a medical history, followed by Auscultation. Then blood tests, electrophysiological procedures, and cardiac imaging can be ordered for further analysis. Electrophysiological procedures include electrocardiogram, cardiac monitoring, cardiac stress tests, and electrophysiological studies.
Community cardiology
Association
- American College of Cardiology
- American Heart Association
- Society of European Cardiology
- Heart Rhythm Community
- Canadian Cardiovascular Society
- The Indian Heart Association
- National Heart Foundation of Australia
Journal
- Acta Cardiologica
- American Cardiology Journal
- Annals of Cardiac Anesthesia
- Cardiology
- Cardiology under Review
- Circulation
- Circulation Research
- Clinical and Experimental Hypertension
- Clinical Cardiology
- EP - Europace
- European Heart Journal
- Heart
- Heart Rhythm
- International Cardiology Journal
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology
- Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology
Cardiologist
- Robert Atkins (1930-2003), known as the Atkins diet
- Eugene Braunwald (born 1929), editor of Braunwald's Heart Disease and more than 1000 publications
- Wallace Brigden (1916-2008), identified cardiomyopathy
- Willem Einthoven (1860-1927), a physiologist who built the first practical ECG and won the 1924 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine ("for the discovery of an electrocardiogram mechanism")
- Werner Forssmann (1904-1979), who cruelly conducted the first human catheterization on himself that caused him to be released from Berliner CharitÃÆ'Â © Hospital, quitting the cardiology as a specialty, and then winning the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. ("for their discovery of cardiac catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system")
- Andreas Gruentzig (1939-1985), first developed the angioplasty balloon
- William Harvey (1578-1657), wrote Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus that first described the closed circulation system and which Forssmann calls the founding cardiologist in his Nobel lecture
- Murray S. Hoffman (born 1924) As president of the Colorado Heart Association, he started one of the first jogging programs that promote cardiovascular health
- Max Holzmann (1899-1994), co-founder of the Swiss Society of Cardiology, president from 1952-1955
- Samuel A. Levine (1891-1966), recognizes the marks known as Levine marks as well as the grading intensity of the current heart murmur, known as the Levine scale
- Henry Joseph Llewellyn "Barney" Marriott (1917-2007), ECG interpretation and Practical Electrocardiography
- Bernard Lown (born 1921), the original developer of the defibrillator
- Woldemar Mobitz (1889-1951), describes and classifies two types of two-tier atrioventricular blocks commonly called "Mobitz Type I" and "Mobitz Type II"
- Jacqueline Noonan (born 1928), the inventor of Noonan syndrome which is the main syndromic cause of congenital heart disease
- John Parkinson (1885-1976), known for Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
- Helen B. Taussig (1898-1986), founder of pediatric cardiology and extensively working on blue baby syndrome
- Paul Dudley White (1886-1973), known for Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
- Louis Wolff (1898-1972), known for Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
- Karel Frederik Wenckebach (1864-1940), first described what is now called the second degree atrioventricular block in 1898
See also
- Outline of cardiology
- List of pharmaceutical agents of the heart
References
External links
- US. National Institute of Health (NIH) - Heart and Circulation
- American College of Cardiology
- Beginner's Guide to Understanding Cardiology
- The news Cardiology website
- Hospital Treatment - Multispecialist Health Center in India
- Cardiology Exam Summary
- Education for Professionals of Cardiology Disease
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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