Children's literature or teenage literature includes stories, books, magazines, and poems enjoyed by children. The literature of modern children is classified in two different ways: the genre or age of the intended audience.
Children's literature can be traced to stories and songs, part of a wider oral tradition, that adults share with children before publishing there. The early development of children's literature, before it was found, was difficult to trace. Even after printing became widespread, many classic "children" tales were originally made for adults and later adapted for younger audiences. Since the 15th century, a large amount of literature, often with a moral or religious message, has been directed specifically at children. The nineteenth and early twentieth centuries became known as the "Golden Age of Children's Literature" because this period included the publication of many books recognized today as classics.
Video Children's literature
Introduction
There is no single or widely used literary definition. This can be broadly defined as anything that children read or more specifically defined as fiction, non-fiction, poetry, or drama intended for and used by children and young people. A writer on children's literature defines it as "all books written for children, excluding works such as comic books, joke books, cartoons, and non-fictional works that are not meant to be read from front to back, such as dictionaries, encyclopedias, and other reference materials ". However, others argue that comics should also be included: "Children's literary studies have traditionally treated comics well and superficially despite the importance of comics as a global phenomenon associated with children".
The International Companion Encyclopedia of Literature Children notes that "the boundaries of the genre... are not fixed but blurred". Sometimes, no agreement can be reached about whether a work is categorized as literature for adults or children. Some works against categorization are easy. J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series is written and marketed to young adults, but is also popular among adults. The extreme popularity of this series brings The New York Times to create a separate best-seller list for children's books.
Despite the widespread association of children's literature with picture books, oral narratives existed before printing, and the roots of many children's fairy tales return to ancient storytellers. Seth Lerer, in the opening Children's Literature: A Reader's History from Aesop to Harry Potter , says, "This book presents a history of what children have heard and read... The history I write is history acceptance . "
Maps Children's literature
History
The early childhood literature consists of oral stories, songs, and poems used to educate, teach, and entertain children. It was not until the eighteenth century, with the development of the concept of childhood, a separate literary genre of children began to emerge, with its own divisions, hopes, and canons.
The French historian Philippe AriÃÆ'¨s argues in his 1962 book The Centuries of Childhood that the modern concepts of childhood have only appeared in recent times. He explained that children in the past were not considered very different from adults and were not given significantly different treatment. As a proof for this position, he notes that, apart from instructional and didactic texts for children written by scholars such as Venerable Bede and Offic of Eynsham, there is a shortage of original literature devoted exclusively to children before the 18th century.
Other scholars have qualified this point of view by noting that there is literature designed to convey the values, attitudes, and information needed for children in their culture, such as Play of Daniel from the 21st century. 12. The literature of pre-modern children, therefore, tends to be didactic and moralistic, with the aim of conveying lessons related to behavior, education and religion.
Early-modern Europe
During the 17th century, the concept of childhood began to emerge in Europe. Adults see children as separate, innocent and need protection and training by adults around them. The English philosopher John Locke developed his theory of tabula rasa in his 1690s. An Essay on Human Understanding . In Locke's philosophy, tabula rasa is the theory that the mind (human) is born as a "blank sheet" without rules for processing data, and that data is added and rules for processing are only shaped by a person's sensory experience. A corollary of this doctrine is that the mind of the child is born empty, and that it is the duty of the parents to inculcate the child with the correct understanding. Locke himself stressed the importance of providing children with "easy books" to develop their minds rather than using force to force them; "Children may be knowledge of letters, taught to read, without perceiving it to be anything but sport, and playing themselves into what others want." He also suggested that a picture book be made for children.
Another influence on this shift in attitudes comes from Puritanism, which emphasizes the importance of individual salvation. Puritans are concerned about the spiritual welfare of their children, and there is great growth in the publication of "good pious books" aimed at children. Some of the most popular works are by James Janeway, but the most enduring book of this movement, still read today, especially In the modern version, is The Pilgrim's Progress (1678) by John Bunyan.
Chapbooks, pocket-sized pamphlets that are often folded instead of sewn, are published in the UK; illustrated by woodblock printing, these cheap booklets reprint popular ballad songs, historical mementos, and folk tales. Although not specifically published for children at this time, young people also enjoy the books. Johanna Bradley says, in From Chapbooks to Plum Cake , the notebooks keep the imaginative stories from the lost for the reader under the strict Puritan influence of the time.
Hornbooks also appeared in the UK all along, teaching children basic information like the alphabet and the Our Father. This was brought from England to American colonies in the mid-seventeenth century. The first book is a catechism for children written in verse by Kapitan John Puritan. Known as Milk Spirit for Boston Babes , it was published in 1646, appeared in England and Boston. Another preliminary book, The New England Primer , was printed in 1691 and used in schools for 100 years. Primary begins, "In the fall of Adam We sin all...", and continue through the alphabet. It also contains religious proverbs, acronyms, spelling help and other educational materials, all adorned by pieces of wood.
In 1634, Pentamerone from Italy became the first major collection of published European folklore. Charles Perrault began recording fables in France, publishing his first collection in 1697. They were not well received among French literary society, who saw them only suitable for parents and children. In 1658, Jan Æ' mos mosenius in Bohemia published an informative illustration of Orbis Pictus , for children under six learning to read. This is considered the first drawing book produced specifically for children.
The first Danish children's book was The Child's Mirror by Niels Bredal in 1568, an adaptation of Courtesy's book by Dutch priest Erasmus. A Pretty and Splendid Maiden's Mirror, an adaptation of a German book for young women, became the first Swedish children's book published in 1591. Sweden published fairy tales and children's magazines in 1766.
In Italy, Giovanni Francesco Straparola released The Facetious Nights of Straparola in the 1550s. Called the first European story book containing fairy tales, it eventually has 75 separate stories and is written for mature audiences. Giulio Cesare Croce also borrowed from stories the children enjoyed for his book.
The earliest Russian children's book, primary, appeared at the end of the 16th century. The earliest example was the ABC-Book, the alphabet book published by Ivan Fyodorov in 1571. The first published book in Russia, The Illuminated Istikin The Illustrated Primer , appeared in 1694. The importance Peter the Great in modernizing his country through Westernization helped the literature of Western children dominate this field until the 18th century. Catherine the Great wrote allegories for children, and during her reign Nikolai Novikov started the first teen magazine in Russia.
The origins of the modern genre
Modern children's books appeared in the mid-18th century in England. The polite middle class and the influence of the Lockean theory of childhood innocence combined to create early childhood as a concept. A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, written and published by John Newbery, is widely considered the first modern children's book, published in 1744. This is an important marker as the first child publication aimed at giving pleasure to children, containing a mixture of rhymes, pictorial stories and games for fun. Newbery believes that playing is a better appeal to children's good behavior than physical discipline, and the boy is recording his behavior every day.
The book is child-sized with brightly colored covers that appeal to children - something new in the publishing industry. Known as a gift book, these early books became the precursors to popular toy books in the 19th century. Newbery is also adept at marketing this new genre. According to the journal of The Lion and the Unicorn, "Newbery's genius is developing a fairly new product category, children's books, through its frequent advertising... and its clever ability to introduce additional titles and products into the body of his children's books. "
Improving the quality of books for children, as well as the diversity of topics he published, helped make Newbery the main producer of children's books of his day. He published his own books as well as those written by authors such as Samuel Johnson and Oliver Goldsmith; the latter may have written The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes , the most popular book on Newberry.
Another philosopher who influenced the development of children's literature was Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who argued that children should be allowed to develop naturally and joyfully. His ideas for attracting children's natural interests became a barrier among writers for children. Popular examples include Thomas Day The History of Sandford and Merton , four volumes that embody the Rousseau theory. Furthermore, Mary and Richard Lovell Edgeworth's Practical Education: The History of Harry and Lucy (1780) urges children to teach themselves.
Rousseau's ideas also have a major influence in Germany, especially on German Philantropism, a movement related to educational and literary reform for children. Its founder, Johann Bernhard Basedow, wrote Elementarwerk as a popular book for children that includes many illustrations by Daniel Chodowiecki. Another follower, Joachim Heinrich Campe, created the Robinson Crusoe adaptation that produced more than 100 prints. He became the "greatest and most modern" German writer for children. According to Hans-Heino Ewers in The International Companion Encyclopedia of Literature Children , "It can be said that from this time on, the literary history of European children is largely written in Germany."
At the beginning of the 19th century, Danish writer and poet, Hans Christian Andersen traveled to Europe and collected many famous tales. He was followed by the Brothers Grimm, who preserved the traditional stories told in Germany. They are so popular in their home country that modern and realistic children's literature is beginning to look down on there. This dislike of non-traditional stories continued there until the beginning of the next century. Grimms's contribution to children's literature goes beyond their collection of stories, as well as that. As professors, they have a scientific interest in the story, trying to preserve it and their variations accurately, recording their sources.
A similar project was undertaken by Norwegian experts Peter Christen AsbjÃÆ'¸rnsen and JÃÆ'¸rgen Moe, who collected Norwegian fairy tales and published them as Norwegian Folktales , often referred to as AsbjÃÆ'¸rnsen and Moe . By compiling these stories, they preserve Norwegian literary heritage and help create Norwegian writing languages.
In Switzerland, Johann David Wyss published The Swiss Family Robinson in 1812, with the aim of teaching children about family values, good care, the utility of the natural world and independence. The book became popular throughout Europe after it was translated into French by Isabelle de Montolieu.
The story of E. T. A. Hoffmann "The Nutcracker and the Mouse King" was published in 1816 in a collection of German stories for children, Kinder-MÃÆ'¤rchen . This is the first modern short story introducing strange, weird and strange elements in children's literature and thus anticipating the story of Lewis Carroll, Alice's Adventure in the Wonderland. Not only the alignment that concerns the content (a strange adventure of a young girl in a fantasy country), but also the origin of fairy tales as both are dedicated and given to the daughter of the author's friends.
Golden age
The shift to the modern genre of children's literature occurred in the mid-19th century; The dictates of previous times began to give way to more funny, child-oriented books, more in tune with children's imaginations. The availability of children's literature is greatly improved as well, as paper and printing become widely available and affordable, the population grows and literacy rates increase.
Tom Brown's School Day by Thomas Hughes appeared in 1857, and is considered the founding book in the school story tradition. However, it was Lewis Carroll's fantasy, The Adventure of Alice in the Wonderland, published in 1865 in England, which signaled a change in writing style for children to be imaginative and empathetic. Considered the "first written English masterpiece for children" and as the founding book in the development of fantasy literature, its publication opens the "First Age of Golden Age" of children's literature in England and Europe that continued into the early 1900s. Another important book of the decade was The Water-Babies, A Fairy Tale for a Land Baby, by Reverend Charles Kingsley (1862), which became very popular in Britain, and remained the classic literature of children English..
In 1883, Carlo Collodi wrote the first Italian fantasy novel, The Adventures of Pinocchio , which was translated many times. In the same year, Emilio Salgari, the man who will be "the adventure writer par excellence for young people in Italy" first published his legendary character Sandokan . In England, the Princess and the Goblin and its sequel The Princess and Curdie, by George MacDonald, appeared in 1872 and 1883, and the adventure story of Treasure Island and Kidnapped by either Robert Louis Stevenson, was very popular in the 1880s. Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book was first published in 1894, and JM Barrie tells the story of Peter Pan in Peter and Wendy's novel in 1911. The two-part novel Johanna Spyri Heidi was published in Switzerland in 1880 and 1881. In the US, children's publications entered a period of growth after the American Civil War in 1865. Author Oliver Optic children's books published more than 100 books. In 1868, Little Women's "era-making book", the fictional autobiography of Louisa May Alcott, was published. This "future" story forms a realistic family book genre in the United States. Mark Twain released Tom Sawyer in 1876, and in 1880 another bestseller, Uncle Remus: His Songs and Words, a collection of African American folklore was adapted and compiled by Joel Chandler. Harris, appeared.
National tradition
China
The Chinese Revolution of 1911 and World War II brought about the political and social changes that revolutionized the literature of children in China. Western science, technology and literature became fashionable. China's first modern publishing company, Commercial Press, founded several children's magazines, which included Youth Magazine , and Education Pictures for Children . The first Chinese children's writer was Sun Yuxiu, editor of Commercial Press, whose story The Kingdom Without a Cat was written in the language of time rather than the classical style used before. Yuxiu encourages novelist Shen Dehong to write for children as well. Dehong went on to rewrite 28 stories based on Chinese classical literature exclusively for children. In 1932, Zhang Tianyi published Big Lin and Little Lin, the first Chinese-language novel for children.
The Chinese Revolution of 1949 changed the literature of children again. Many children's writers have been criticized, but Tianyi and Ye Shengtao continue to write for children and create works that are in harmony with Maoist ideology. The death of 1976 Mao Zedong sparked more changes that swept China. Many writers from the beginning of the century were brought back, and their work became available again. In 1990, the General Anthology Literature of Modern Chinese Children , a literary anthology of fifteen volumes of children's literature since the 1920s, was released.
United Kingdom
The literature for children is developed as a separate literary category especially in the Victorian era. Some works became internationally renowned, such as Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in the Wonderland (1865) and its sequel Through Showable Glass . At the end of the Victorian era and leading to the Edwardian era, Beatrix Potter is a writer and illustrator, best known for his children's books, featuring animal characters. At the age of thirties, Potter published The Tale of Peter Rabbit in 1902. Potter eventually published 23 children's books and became a rich woman. Michael O. Tunnell and James S. Jacobs, professor of literature at Brigham Young University, wrote, "Potter is the first to use images and words to tell stories, combining colored illustrations with text, pages for pages." Another classic of this period is Anna Sewell's animal novel Black Beauty (1877).
In the later years of the nineteenth century, the precursor of modern picture books illustrated poetry books and short stories produced by British illustrators Randolph Caldecott, Walter Crane, and Kate Greenaway. It has a larger proportion of images than the previous books, and many of their images are colored. Some British artists make their lives illustrate children's novels and books; Among them are Arthur Rackham, Cicely Mary Barker, W. Heath Robinson, Henry J. Ford, John Leech, and George Cruikshank.
The Kailyard School of Scottish writers, especially J. M. Barrie, the creator of Peter Pan (1904), presented an idealized version of society and brought fantasy and folklore back to fashion. In 1908, Kenneth Grahame wrote the classic book of The Wind in the Willows and the first book of the Scouting for Boys Scouting for Boys Scout. Inspiration for the novel Frances Hodgson Burnett The Secret Garden (1910) is the Great Maytham Hall Garden in Kent. In 1920 Hugh Lofting created the character of Doctor Dolittle who appeared in a series of twelve books.
The Golden Age of Children's Literature ended with World War I in England and Europe, and the period before World War II was much slower in the publication of children. The main exception to the UK was the publication of AA Milne's Winnie-the-Pooh by AA Milne in 1926, the first book of Mary Poppins by PL Travers in 1934, The Hobbit by JRR Tolkien in 1937, and Arthurian novel Sword in the Stone by TH White in 1938.
Children's paperback books were first released in the UK in 1940 under the Puffin Book trail, and their lower prices helped make book purchases possible for children during World War II.
Enid Blyton's book has been one of the best-selling books in the world since the 1930s, selling over 600 million copies. Blyton's books are still very popular, and have been translated into almost 90 languages. He writes on various topics including education, natural history, fantasy, mystery, and biblical narrative and is best remembered today for Noddy, The Five Famous, The Secret Seven, and The Adventure Series. The first of these children's stories, Five on Treasure Island , was published in 1942.
In the 1950s, book markets in Europe began to recover from the effects of two world wars. An informal literary discussion group related to the English faculty at Oxford University, is "Inklings". The main members are the main fantasy novelists; C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien. CS Lewis published the first installment of The Chronicles of Narnia series in 1950 while Tolkien was best known as The Hobbit as the author of The Lord of the Rings. (1954) Other significant authors of fantasy stories are Alan Garner author of Elidor (1965), and The Owl Service (1967). The latter work is an adaptation of the Blodeuwedd myth of Mabinogion , set in modern Wales, and for that Garner won the annual Carnegie Medal of the Library Association, recognizing the best children's book of the year by an English writer.
Mary Norton wrote The Borrowers (1952), showing the little people who borrowed from humans. Dodie Smith's The Hundred and One Dalmatians was published in 1956, and Roald Dahl became famous for his children's fantasy novels, often inspired from his childhood experiences, with often unexpected endings, and dark humor that did not sentimental. Dahl was inspired to write Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (1964), featuring the eccentric candy maker Willy Wonka, who grew up near two chocolate makers in England who often try to steal trade secrets by sending spies into people's hands other. factory. His other works include James and Giant Peach (1961), Fantastic Mr. Fox (1971), The Witches (1983), and Matilda (1988). Beginning in 1958, Michael Bond published a funny story about Paddington Bear.
The pesantren in literature focuses on the life of pre-teen and older adolescents, and most often arranged in British boarding schools. Popular school stories from this period include Ronald Searle's St. Trinian's (1949-53) and his illustrations for Geoffrey Willans Molesworth series , Jill Murphy's
Ruth Manning-Sanders collected and retold the fairy tales, and her first A Book of Giants contains a number of famous giants, most notably
J. K. Rowling's fantasy series Harry Potter is the sequence of seven novels that tell the adventures of the Harry Potter teenage witch. The series began with Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone in 1997 and ended with the seventh and last book of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows in 2007; became the bestseller series in history. The series has been translated into 67 languages, placing Rowling among the most translated authors in history.
Adventure fiction for children
An adventure story written specifically for children began in the 19th century. Early examples include Johann David Wyss' Robinson Family (1812), Frederick Marryat's Children of the New Forest (1847) and Harriet Martineau The Peasant and the Prince (1856).
The Victorian Era sees the development of the genre, with W.H.G. Kingston, R. M. Ballantyne and G. A. Henty who specialize in the production of fictional adventure for boys. This inspired writer usually serves an adult audience to write for children, and the example is the classic Robert Louis Stevenson (1850-94) pirate story of the pirate story of Treasure Island (1883).
In the years after the First World War, writers such as Arthur Ransome (1884-1967) developed the adventure genre by organizing adventures in England rather than distant countries. Ransome began publishing children's books of Swallows and Amazon editions in the 1930s on children's school holiday adventures, mostly in the English Lake District and Norfolk Broads. Many books involve sailing; fishing and camping are other common subjects. Biggles is a popular adventure book series for boys, about James Bigglesworth, a fictional and adventurous pilot, by W. E. Johns. Biggles made his first appearance in The White Fokker's story, published in the first issue of Popular Flying magazine and again as part of the first collection of Biggles' story, The Camels Are Coming i> (both 1932). Johns continued to write Biggles' books until his death in 1968, the series finally covering nearly a hundred volumes - including novels and short story collections - most of the latter with the same settings and time. This includes a novel about a female pilot in the Women's Additional Air Force (WAAF), Flight Officer Joan Worralson, better known as "Worrals".
Geoffrey Trease and Rosemary Sutcliff bring new sophistication to the history adventure novel. Philip Pullman in novels Sally Lockhart and Julia Golding in the Cat Royal series continue the tradition of historical adventure.
Magazines and comics
An important aspect of English children's literature is comic books and magazines. Among the most popular comics are The Dandy and The Beano . Important early magazines or story papers for older children are Boys Own Paper , published from 1879 to 1967 and The Girl's Own Paper published from 1880 to 1956. Other story papers for older boys are The Hotspur (1933-1959) and The Rover - which began in 1922 and is absorbed into > Adventure in 1961 and The Wizard in 1963, and finally folded in 1973.
Many prominent authors contribute to the Boys Own Paper : cricketer W.G. Grace writes for several issues, along with writers Arthur Conan Doyle, Jules Verne and R.M. Ballantyne, and Robert Baden-Powell, the inspiration for the Scout Movement, Between 1941-61 there were 60 issues with the story of Biggles by W. E. Johns, and in the 1960s sometimes contributors included Isaac Asimov and respected astronomer Patrick Moore.
Many contributors to the The Girls Own Paper are not well-known outside the paper pages but they also include Noel Streatfeild, Eleanor Hoyt Brainerd, Rosa Nouchette Carey, Sarah Doudney (1841-1926), Brazilian Angela, Lucy Maud Montgomery, Richmal Crompton, Fanny Fern, and Baroness Orczy. Between 1940-47 Captain W. E. Johns donated sixty stories featuring the female pilot Worrals.
The Eagle is a popular British comic for boys, launched in 1950 by Marcus Morris, an Anglican clergyman from Lancashire. Revolutionary in its presentation and content, it's very successful; the first edition sold about 900,000 copies. Displayed in color on the front cover is the most easily recognizable story, "Dan Dare, Pilot of the Future", made with meticulous attention to detail. Other popular stories include "Riders of the Range" and "P.C. 49". Hawk also contains news and sports sections, and cutaway diagram of advanced machine education. A member club is created, and related merchandise is licensed for sale. It was first published from 1950 to 1969, and was relaunched from 1982 to 1994.
United States
Children's literature has been a part of American culture since Europeans first settled in America. The earliest books were used as a tool to instill self-control in children and preach the life of morality in Puritan society. The 18th century American youth began to shift away from the social upbringing of their European counterparts, bringing about changes in children's literature. It was at this time that Small Books for Young Children were written by T.W. in 1712. This includes what is considered the earliest poetry of children and one of the earliest examples of textbooks approaching education from the point of view of children, rather than adults.
One of the most famous books of American children's literature is the fantasy novel L. Frank Baum The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , published in 1900. "By combining the English passion to play the word with American taste for an outdoor adventure room ", Connie Epstein in the International Companion Encyclopedia Of Literature Children say Baum" develops stand-alone original style and form ". Baum wrote fourteen more novels of Oz, and other authors continued the Oz series into the twenty-first century.
Demand continued to grow in North America between World War I and World War II, aided by the growth of libraries in Canada and the United States. The children's reading room in the library, staffed by specially trained librarians, helps create requests for classic youth books. Reviews on children's releases began appearing regularly in the Weekly Publishers magazine and in The Bookman magazine began publishing regular reviews of children's releases, and the first Children's Book Week was launched on in 1919. In the same year, Louise Seaman Bechtel became the first person to head the publishing department of the country's youth books. He was followed by May Massee in 1922, and Alice Dalgliesh in 1934.
The American Library Association began delivering the Newbery Medal, the first children's book award, in 1922. Caldecott's medal for illustration followed in 1938. The first book by Laura Ingalls Wilder about his life on the American border, Little House in the Big Woods appeared in 1932. In 1937, Dr. Seuss published his first book, titled, and to Think That I See It on Mulberry Street . The market for young adult books developed during this period, thanks to sports books by popular writer John R. Tunis', Seventeen Summer novels by Maureen Daly, and Sue Barton nurse book series by Helen Dore Boylston.
The intense growth in children's books became booming in the 1950s, and the publication of children became a big business. In 1952, American journalist E. B. White published Charlotte's Web , described as "one of the few books for young people who face, precisely, the subject of death". Maurice Sendak illustrates more than two dozen books over the decade, which sets him up as an innovator in book illustrations. The Sputnik crisis, which began in 1957, provided increased interest and government money for schools and libraries to buy science and math books and non-fiction book markets "seemed to materialize overnight."
The 1960s saw the age of new realism in children's books appear. Given the social revolution in America in the 1960s, writers and illustrators began to break the taboos already in the children's literature. Controversial subjects dealing with alcoholism, death, divorce, and child abuse are now being published in stories for children. Maurice Sendak's Where Wild Things Are in 1963 and Louise Fitzhugh's Harriet the Spy in 1964 is often regarded as the first story published in this new era of realism.
Esther Forbes at Johnny Tremain (1943) and Mildred D. Taylor in Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry (1976) continue the tradition of historic adventures in an American setting. Modern children's adventure novels sometimes deal with controversial issues such as terrorism, as in Robert Cormier After the First Death in 1979, and wars in the Third World, as in Peter Dickinson AK in 1990.
In books for the younger age group, Bill Martin and John Archambault's Chicka Chicka Boom Boom (1979) present a new spin on the alphabet book. Laura Numeroff published If You Gave a Cookie Mouse in 1985 and went on to create a series of books of the same name that are still popular for kids and adults to read together.
The Chronicles of Prydain by Lloyd Alexander (1964-1968) was made in a medieval English fictional version.
Continental Europe
The period from 1890 to World War I was considered the Golden Age of Literature of Children in Scandinavia. Erik Werenskiold, Theodor Kittelsen, and Dikken Zwilgmeyer are very popular, writing folklore and fairy tales as well as realistic fictions. The 1859 English translation by George Webbe Dasent helped to increase the influence of the story. One of the most influential and internationally successful books of Scandinavian children from this period is Selma LagerlÃÆ'¶fs The Wonderful Adventures of Nils . Astrid Lindgren ( Pippi Longstocking ) and Jostein Gaarder ( Sophie World ) are two of Scandinavia's most internationally renowned authors.
The interwar period saw a similar output slowdown to Britain, though "one of the first mysteries written specifically for children," Emil and Detective by Erich KÃÆ'¤stner, was published in Germany in 1930. The German Michael Ende (Theeliers of the Neverending Story) and Cornelia Funke (Inkheart) achieved international success with their fantasy books.
The period during and after World War II became the Classical Age of a picture book in Switzerland, with the works of Alois Carigiet, Felix Hoffmann, and Hans Fischer. 1963 was the first year of the Bologna Children's Book Exhibition in Italy, described as "the most important international event dedicated to the publication of children". For four days it brings together writers, illustrators, publishers, and book buyers from around the world.
The Swiss writer series Marcus Pfister Rainbow Fish has received international recognition since 1992.
Russia and the Soviet Union
In Russia, Russian fairy tales were introduced to children's literature by Aleksandr Afanasyev in the children's edition of the eight volumes of the Russian People's Tales in 1871. In the 1860s, literary realism and non-fiction dominated literature children. More schools began, using books by authors such as Konstantin Ushinsky and Leo Tolstoy, the Russian readers including various stories, fairy tales, and fairy tales. Books written specifically for girls were developed in the 1870s and 1880s. The publisher and journalist Evgenia Tur wrote about the daughters of good landowners, while Aleksandra Annenskaya's story tells of middle-class girls working to support themselves. Vera Zhelikhovsky, Elizaveta Kondrashova, and Nadezhda Lukhmanova also wrote for the girls during this period.
Non-fiction of children became very important in Russia at the beginning of this century. Ten children's encyclopedias were published between 1913 and 1914. Vasily Avenarius wrote fictional biographies of such important people as Nikolai Gogol and Alexander Pushkin around the same time, and the scientists wrote for books and magazines for children. Children's magazines flourished, and by the end of the century there were 61. Lidia Charskaya and Klavdiya Lukashevich continued the popularity of female fiction. Realism takes a grim turn with often showing child abuse from the lower classes. The most popular boys are Sherlock Holmes, and similar stories from detective magazines.
The state took control of children's literature during the October Revolution. Maksim Gorky edited the first children, Northern Lights , under Soviet rule. People often refer to the 1920's as the Golden Age of Children's Literature in Russia. Samuil Marshak led the literary decade as "the founder of Soviet children's literature". As head of the children's section at State Publishing House and editor of several children's magazines, Marshak had a major influence by recruiting Boris Pasternak and Osip Mandelstam to write for children.
In 1932, professional writers in the Soviet Union formed the Union of Writers, which functioned as the organization of the author of the Communist Party. With children's branches, official oversight of professional organizations leads children's authors under state and police control. Communist principles such as collectivism and solidarity are important themes in children's literature. The author writes biographies about revolutionaries such as Lenin and Pavlik Morozov. Alexander Belyayev, writing in the 1920s and 1930s, became Russia's first science fiction writer. According to Ben Hellman in the International Companion Encyclopedia of Literature of Children , "war is to occupy a prominent place in adolescent reading, partly compensate for the lack of adventure stories", during the Soviet Period. More political changes in Russia after World War II brought further changes in children's literature. Currently, this field is in a state of flux because some older writers are being rediscovered and others abandoned.
Brazil
In Brazil, Monteiro Lobato wrote a series of 23 books for children known as SÃÆ'tio do Picapau Amarelo (The Yellow Woodpecker Ranch), between 1920 and 1940. The series is considered to represent Brazilian children's literature and Brazilian language equivalent to classical works children such as CS Lewis, The Chronicles of Narnia and L. Frank Baum of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz series. This concept was introduced in the 1920 Monteiro Lobato short story "A Menina do Narizinho Arrebitado", and later republished as the first chapter of "ReinaÃÆ'§ÃÆ'Âμes de Narizinho", which is the first novel of the series. The main setting is "SÃÆ'tio do Picapau Amarelo", where a boy (Pedrinho), a girl (Narizinho) and their lives and thinks anthropomorphic toys enjoy exploring adventures in fantasy, discovery and learning. On several occasions, they leave the farm to explore other worlds such as Neverland, Ancient Greek mythology, the underwater world known as "Reino das ÃÆ' guas Claras" (Clear Waters Kingdom), and even outer space. "SÃÆ'tio" is often symbolized by the character Emlia, Lobato's most famous creation.
India
The Christian missionaries first established the Calcutta School Book College in the 19th century, creating a separate genre for children's literature in the country. Magazines and books for children in the original language immediately appear. In the second half of this century, King Shivprasad wrote several famous books in Hindustan. A number of respected Bengali writers began producing Bengali literature for children including Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, who translated several stories and wrote the other himself. Nobel Prize winner Rabindranath Tagore wrote dramas, stories and poems for children, including a work illustrated by painter Nandalal Bose. They worked from the late 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century. Tagore's works are then translated into English, with Bose drawings. Behari Lal Castle is the earliest writer for children in Punjabi. The stories are didactic.
The first full-length children's book was Khar Khar Mahadev by Narain Dixit, which was serialized in one of the popular children's magazines in 1957. Other authors include Premchand, and poet Sohan Lal Dwivedi. In 1919, Sukumar Ray wrote and illustrated an unreasonable rhyme in Bengali, and the writer and artist Abanindranath Tagore's children completed the Barngtarbratn. The literature of Bengali children developed in the later part of the 20th century. Educator Gijubhai Badheka publishes more than 200 books in Children's literature in Gujarati, and many of them are still popular. Other popular Gujarati children are Ramanlal Soni and Jivram Joshi. In 1957, political cartoonist K. Shankar Pillai founded the Children Book Trust publishing company. The company became famous for high quality children's books, and many of them were released in several languages. One of the most famous writers is Pandit Krushna Chandra Kar in Oriya literature, who wrote many excellent books for children, including Pari Raija , Kuhuka Raija , Panchatantra Adi Jugara Galpa Mala . He wrote biographies of many historical figures, such as Kapila Deva . In 1978, the company organized a writer competition to encourage the writing of quality children. The following year, Children's Book Trust initiated a writing workshop and organized the First International Children's Book Fair in New Delhi. Children's magazines, available in many languages, are widespread throughout India during this century.
Iran
One of the pioneering children's writers in Persia was Mehdi Azar-Yazdi. His award-winning, Good Story for Good Kids is a collection of stories that come from stories in classical Persian literature rewritten for children.
Nigeria
Initially, for centuries, stories were told by Africans in their native language, many were told during social gatherings. Stories vary between mythical narratives relating to the creation and basic proverbs that display human wisdom. These narratives are passed down from generation to generation verbally. Since its independence in 1960, Nigeria has witnessed an increase in the production of children's literature by its people, the last three decades contributing most to the genre. Most children's books describe African culture and lifestyle, and trace their origins to traditional stories, puzzles, and proverbs. Authors who have produced such works include Chinua Achebe, Siprian Ekwensi, Amos Tutuola, Flora Nwapa, and Buchi Emecheta. The publishing company also helps in the development of children's literature.
Classification
Children literature can be divided into categories, either by genre or age intended by the reader.
Based on genre
Literary genre is a category of literary composition. Genres can be determined by technique, tone, content, or length. According to Anderson, there are six categories of children's literature (with some significant subgenres):
- A picture book, including a concept book that teaches the alphabet or arithmetic, for example, a pattern book, and a book without words.
- Traditional literature, including folklore, conveys the legends, customs, superstitions, and beliefs of people in previous civilizations. This genre can be broken down into subgenres: myths, fables, legends, and fairy tales
- Fiction, including fantasy, realistic fiction, and historical fiction
- Non-fiction
- Biography and autobiography
- Poems and verses.
By age category
The criteria for this division are unclear, and books near the boundary can be classified in a good way. Books for smaller children tend to be written in plain language, using large prints, and have lots of illustrations. Books for older children use increasingly complex language, normal prints, and fewer (if any) illustrations. Categories with age ranges are listed below:
- Picture book, suitable for pre-readers or children aged 0-5 years.
- Early reader book, suitable for children aged 5-7 years. These books are often designed to help a child build his reading skills.
- Chapter books, suitable for children aged 7-12 years.
- Short chapter book, suitable for children aged 7-9 years.
- Longer chapter book, appropriate for children aged 9-12 years.
- Young adult fiction, suitable for children ages 12-18.
Illustration
Pictures always accompany children's stories. Papyrus from Byzantine Egypt, showing illustrations accompanied by the story of the Hercules workers. Modern children's books are illustrated in ways that are rarely seen in adult literature, except in graphic novels. Generally, artwork plays a larger role in books aimed at younger readers (especially pre-literate children). Children's picture books are often a source of high-quality art accessible to children. Even after the children learn to read well enough to enjoy the story without illustration, they continue to appreciate the occasional images found in the chapter books.
According to Joyce Whalley in The International Companion Encyclopedia of Literature of Children , "a book illustrated differently from a book with illustrations in a good picture book is one where the images increase or increase the depth of the text. " Using this definition, the first pictorial children's book is considered Orbis Pictus published in 1658 by author Moravia Comenius. Acting as a kind of encyclopedia, Orbis Pictus has images on every page, followed by object names in Latin and German. It was translated into English in 1659 and was used in homes and schools throughout Europe and the UK for many years.
Early children's books, such as Orbis Pictus , are illustrated with woodcuts, and many times the same image is repeated in a number of books regardless of how appropriate the illustrations are to the story. More recent processes, including copper and steel engraving, were first used in the 1830s. One of the first uses of Chromolithography in the children's book is shown in Struwwelpeter , published in Germany in 1845. British illustrator Walter Crane refined its use in children's books at the end 19th century.
Another method of illustrating for children's books is etching, used by George Cruikshank in the 1850s. In the 1860s, top artists portrayed for children, including Crane, Randolph Caldecott, Kate Greenaway, and John Tenniel. Most of the images are still black and white, and many colored drawings are dyed, often by children. The Essential Guide to Children's Books and Creators credits Caldecott with "The concept of extending the meaning of the text beyond the literal visualization".
Twentieth-century artists such as Kay Nielson, Edmund Dulac, and Arthur Rackham produce illustrations that are still reprinted today. The development of printing skills is reflected in children's books. After World War II, offset lithography became more refined, and illustrations of painters-style, such as Brian Wildsmith were common in the 1950s.
Scholarships
Professional organizations, specialized publications, individual researchers and university programs undertake scholarships in children's literature. Scholarships in children's literature are mainly conducted in three different disciplinary areas: literary studies/cultural studies (literature and department of languages ​​and humanities), libraries and information sciences, and education. (Wolf, et al., 2011).
Typically, children's literature scholars from university literature departments (English, German, Spanish, etc.), Cultural studies, or in the humanities undertake literary analysis of books. This literary criticism can focus on a writer, a thematic or topical problem, genre, period, or literary device and can address the issues of critical attitudes (post-structural, postcolonial, New Criticism, psychoanalytic, new historicism, etc.). The results of this type of research are usually published as books or as articles in scientific journals.
The Library and Information Science field has a long history of doing research relating to children's literature.
Most educational researchers who study child literature explore issues related to the use of children's literature in the classroom. They can also learn topics such as home use, reading children outside school, or using children's books by parents. Teachers usually use children's literature to add classroom instruction.
Literary Criticism
Controversy often appears around the content and characters of prominent children's books. Famous classics that remain popular for decades are often criticized by critics and readers as the values ​​of contemporary cultural change. Critical analysis of children's literature is commonly done through children's literary journals as well as essay collections published by psychoanalysts, scholars, and literary critics such as Peter Hunt.
Stereotypes, racism and cultural bias
Popular classics such as The Secret Garden , Pippi Longstocking , Peter Pan , The Chronicles of Narnia and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory were criticized for their racial stereotypes.
The academic journal Child Review Literature provides a critical analysis of many famous children's books. In his 114th volume, the journal discusses cultural stereotypes in the Belgian cartoon series Herge, Tintin which refers to the depiction of people from the Congo.
The Five Chinese Brothers , written by Claire Huchet Bishop and illustrated by Kurt Wiese have been criticized for Chinese stereotyped caricatures. Helen Bannerman's Little Sambo Story and Florence Kate Upton The Adventures of Two Dutch Dolls and Golliwogg have also been known for their racist and controversial depictions. The term sambo , a racial slur from South America led to Bannerman's extensive book ban. Writer Julius Lester and illustrator Jerry Pinkney revised the story as Sam and the Tigers: A New Telling of Little Black Sambo, making the contents more appropriate and empowering for ethnic minority children. Dr. feminist theologian Eske Wollrad claims the novel Astrid Lindgren Pippi Longstocking "has a colonial racial stereotype," which urges parents to miss certain offending passages when reading for their children. Criticism of the 1911 novel The Secret Garden by author Frances Hodgson Burnett claims support for racist attitudes towards blacks through the dialogue of the main character Mary Lennox. The Hugh Lofting Story The Doctor of Dolittle has been accused of "white racial superiority", implying through the underlying message that ethnic minorities are fewer than humans.
The Snowy Day picture book, written and illustrated by Ezra Jack Keats was published in 1962 and is known as the first drawing book to portray an African-American boy as a protagonist. The Middle East and Central American Protagonists still remain underrepresented in North American picture books. According to the Children's Cooperative Book Center (CCBC) at the University of Wisconsin Madison, which has kept statistics on children's books since the 1980s, by 2016, of the 3,400 children's books received by the CCBC that year, only 278 which is about African Americans or Africans. In addition, only 92 books were written by Africans or African Americans. In his interview on the book How to Say: Conversation on Art Picture Book , Jerry Pinkney mentions how difficult it is to find children's books with black kids as characters. In the literary journal The Black Scholar, Bettye I. Latimer has criticized popular children's books for the interpretation of their people as almost exclusively white, and notes that Dr. Seuss book contains some ethnic minorities. Popular school readers Reveling with Dick and Jane running from the 1930s through the 1970s, are known for their white-and-white North American families and their highly sexed stereotypes. The first black family did not appear in the series until the 1960s, thirty years on its journey.
Author Mary Renck Jalongo In Young Children and Picture Book discusses destroying Native American stereotypes in children's literature, revealing repeated portrayals of indigenous people living in the 1800s with feathers and paints faces cause children to think of them as fiction and not as people who still exist today. Native American depictions at Laura Ingalls Wilder Little House on the Prairie and J.M. Barrie's Peter Pan is widely discussed among critics. Novel Wilder, based on his childhood in the midwest of America in the late 1800s, describes Native Americans as racial stereotypes and has been banned in some classrooms. In an essay, Somewhere Outside the Forest: Ecological Ambivalence in Neverland from the Little White Bird to Connect, author M. Lynn Byrd explains how the native Neverland in Peter Pan is described as a brave warrior , uncivilized, not afraid of death and referred to as "redskins", now considered a racial slur. Empire, imperialism and colonialism
The imperial presence as well as the pro-colonialist and imperialist themes in children's literature have been identified in some of the most famous classic children of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
In French illustrator Jean de Brunhoff in 1931, a picture book of Histoire de Babar, le petit elephant, the major themes of imperialism and colonialism have been recorded and identified as propaganda. An allegory for French colonialism, Babar easily assimilates himself into the bourgeois lifestyle. This is a world in which self-adapted elephants dominate unassembled animals into a new and powerful civilization. H. A. Rey and Margret Rey Curious George first published in 1941 have been criticized for its striking slave and colonialist narration. Critics claim the man with the yellow hat represents a European-era colonial hunter who kidnaps George, a monkey from Africa, and sends him onto a ship to America. Details like the man in the colonialist uniform and the lack of the Curious George tail are points in this argument. In an article, The Wall Street Journal interprets it as "an almost obscure slave narrative." Rudyard Kipling, author of Just So Stories and The Jungle Book have also been accused of having a colonial prejudice attitude. The literary critic Jean Webb, among others, has pointed to the presence of British imperialist ideas in The Secret Garden. Colonial ideology has been identified as an important element in Peter Pan by critics.
Women's gender role and representation
Some of the earliest children's stories containing feminist themes are Louisa May Alcott Little Women and Frank L. Baum The Wonderful Wizard of Oz . With many women in this period represented in children's books as doing housework, these two books deviate from this pattern. Drawing attention to the perception of domestic work as oppressive is one of the earliest forms of feminist movement. Little Women, a story of four sisters, is said to show the power of women at home and is seen as a conservative and radical nature. Jo's character is observed to have a somewhat contemporary personality and is even seen as a representation of feminist movements. It has been suggested that the feminist theme in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz resulted from the influence of Baum's mother-in-law, Matilda Gage, an important figure in the suffragist movement. Baum significant political commentary on capitalism, and racial oppression are also said to be part of the influence of the Gage. The examples made of these themes are the main protagonists, Dorothy being punished for being made to do housework. Another example made from a woman's positive representation is in the Moomin series of Finnish writer Tove Jansson that features a strong and individual female character. In recent years, there has been a surge in production and availability of feminist children's literature and increased gender neutrality in children's literature.
In addition to perpetuating stereotypes about behavior and work that are appropriate for women and girls, children's books often do not have the full female character, or include it as a minor or insignificant character. In the book Boys and Girls Forever: Reflections on Classical Children , scholar Alison Lurie says most of the 20th-century adventure novels, with some exceptions, contain male protagonists while female characters in books as Dr. Seuss, will usually be assigned a gender-specific role of receptionist and nurse. The Winnie-the-Pooh character written by A. A. Milne, especially the men, with the exception of the character Kanga, who is the mother to Roo. Even animals and inanimate objects are usually identified as men in children's books. Almost no significant female character is a paradox because of the role of women in creating children's literature.
On the one hand Growing up with Dick and Jane highlights heterosexual, nuclear families and also shows gender-specific duties of mothers, fathers, brothers and sisters, while Children and Small Pictures The book, on the other hand, encourages readers to avoid books with women who are described as inactive and unsuccessful and intellectually inferior and subservient to their fellow male characters to avoid children's books that have repressive and sexist stereotypes for women.
In his book Children's Literature: From de siÃÆ'¨cle fins to the new millennium , professor Kimberley Reynolds claimed the gender division stayed in children's books prominently until the 1990s. He also said that capitalism encourages the marketing of gender-specific books and toys. For example, adventure stories have been identified as for boys and domestic fictions aimed at girls. Publishers often believe that boys will not read stories about girls, but girls will read stories about boys and girls; therefore, stories that feature male characters are expected to sell better. Interest in attracting the attention of boys is also seen in the Caldecott award, which tends to be presented to books that are believed to appeal to boys. Reynolds also said that both boys and girls have been presented by a limited representation of appropriate behaviors, identities, and careers through illustrations and literary texts of children. She argues that girls traditionally have marketed books that prepare them for housework and motherhood. Instead, boys are prepared for leadership and war roles. During the 20th century, more than 5,000 children's picture books were published in the US; during that time, male characters outnumber female characters by more than 3 to 2, and male animals exceed the number of female animals by 3 to 1. No children's drawings display protagonist with an identifiable gender containing only female characters.
I'm glad I'm a boy! I'm Glad I'm a Girl! (1970) by Whitney Darrow Jr. criticized for his narrow career description for boys and girls. This book tells the reader that boys are doctors, police, pilots, and presidents while girls are nurses, meter assistants, flight attendants
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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