Max BrÃÆ'¶del (June 8, 1870 - October 26, 1941) is a medical illustrator. Born in Leipzig, Germany, he started his artistic career after graduating from the Leipzig Academy of Fine Arts, working for Dr. Leipzig. Carl Ludwig. Under the instructions of Dr. Carl Ludwig, he gained basic knowledge of medicine and became famous for his detailed medical illustrations. In the late 1890s, he was taken to Johns Hopkins Medical School in Baltimore to be illustrated for Harvey Cushing, William Halsted, Howard Kelly, and other important doctors. In addition to being a productive medical illustrator, he develops new artistic techniques such as carbon dust techniques that help advance the quality and accuracy of medical illustrations for physicians. In 1911, he led the creation of the first Art Department as Applied Medicine; located at Johns Hopkins Medical School, continues to train medical illustrators to this day. Its graduates are scattered throughout the world, and have established a number of other academic programs.
Video Max Brödel
Biography
Early life and education
Max BrÃÆ'¶del was born on June 8, 1870 in Leipzig, Germany, to Louis BrÃÆ'¶del and Henrietta Frenzel BrÃÆ'¶del. From the early age of 6, he took piano lessons and at 12, he played Beethoven. Not only his musicality, he also tends to be artistic. At the age of 15, BrÃÆ'¶del began to develop his artistic abilities at the Leipzig Academy of Fine Arts. The artistic techniques he studied there reflect the emphasis of nineteenth-century art education on developing good and precise images. This careful attention to detail and accuracy is one of the skills which is then praised by BrÃÆ'¶del in his medical illustration. During the summer, he puts his artistic skills to use with part-time job drawing landscapes and figures. BrÃÆ'¶del is 18 when he gets his first experience with medical illustrations, which he will make his lifelong career.
Personal life
Marriage and family
Max BrÃÆ'¶del was introduced to fellow artists, medical illustrators, and future wives, Ruth Huntington, by Dr. Howard Kelly. An artist, too, Ruth also accepted the invitation of Franklin P. Mall and began to describe Dr. Charles Bardeen as part of the Anatomy Department of Hopkins in 1900. The couple realized their same musical and artistic interest and married shortly afterwards on December 31, 1902. They had four children together: Elizabeth (born October 9, 1903), Ruth (born 23 April 1905), Carl (born 7 June 1908), and Elsa (born February 8, 1911). Ruth suffered dengue as a child and died on June 1, 1908. Elizabeth then followed in her father's footsteps and became a medical illustrator.
He is known for his carefree and fun personality, he is a close friend of H.L. Mencken and usual at Saturday Night Club, where he often drank and enjoyed himself. In his spare time, he enjoys fishing and playing the piano. Outside of his profession, he also occasionally makes images of nature.
Maps Max Brödel
Initial career
Despite his minimal scientific background and lack of medical knowledge, BrÃÆ'¶del and his artistic potential are well received by German physician and physiologist Carl Ludwig. Under Ludwig's guidance and guidance at the Institute of Anatomy at the Institute of Physiology at the University of Leipzig, BrÃÆ'¶del was employed by drawing detailed detailed anatomical and histological diagrams. By honing his observational skills with detailed records of the various operations and autopsies he observes, Brüdel's work is credited for topographic accuracy, network realism, and attention to cross-sectional anatomy. Another feature visible from the illustration is the air perspective that shows an anatomy as seen through the eyes of a surgeon. Some early illustrations are also for physicians Spalteholz, His and Braune. His network of medical professionals improved when he met Dr. Franklin P. Mall from Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1888.
BrÃÆ'¶del's artistic career was suspended when he was designed to serve two years on November 8, 1890. Through the help of Geheimrat Carl Ludwig, Prince George of Saxony, BrÃÆ'¶del underwent his first year by hand, and the second year with an artistic pursuit for the regiment. After returning to Leipzig after his service, BrÃÆ'¶del continued his work as a freelance artist, specializing in anatomical and scientific illustrations. During this time, Brendel accepted the Mall invitation to illustrate at Johns Hopkins Hospital.
Careers at Johns Hopkins University
BrÃÆ'¶del arrived at Johns Hopkins in the winter of 18 January 1894. Highly sought by the anatomist Franklin P. Mall and other physicians for his meticulous attention to detail and realism in his medical illustration, BrÃÆ'¶del's skills were a valuable asset for Johns Hopkins Hospital. Shortly after his work, BrÃÆ'¶del joined fellow medical illustrators, Hermann Becker and August Horn, both of whom had also attended the Leipzig Pure Arts Academy. In collaboration with these two artists, BrÃÆ'¶del creates an extensive catalog of rough and histological diagrams for medical staff.
Working with Drs. Howard Kelly
Most of the BrÃÆ'¶del illustrations are for Dr. Howard A. Kelly (1858-1943), Head of Gynecology, during his term at Johns Hopkins Hospital. BrÃÆ'¶del is illustrated for Kelly's two volume book, Operative Gynecology, published in 1898. His release garnered widespread praise and recognition, unifying Kelly's major status in the field of gynecology, and establishing BrÃÆ'¶del's role as a medical illustrator pioneer. BrÃÆ'¶del then went on to work on other books written or co-written by Kelly, including books on kidney, ureter and bladder diseases, and Kelly's journal and monograph articles. Throughout the illustration process, BrÃÆ'¶del worked closely with Kelly, conferring with each other before the first sketch was drawn. After debriefing, with Kelly, BrÃÆ'¶del painstakingly conducted independent medical research and experimented to find the best method for communicating information about complex structures for medical professionals.
The underlying art philosophy of BrÃÆ'¶del is best illustrated in his own words: "The artist must first fully understand the subject matter from every point of view: anatomy, topography, histology, pathology, medical, and surgery.From this accumulated knowledge grow the mental picture of which crystallizes again the plan for the future image A clear, clear mental picture should always precede the actual image on paper.planning the image is, therefore, the most important, not the execution. "The emphasis is on an accurate anatomical visualization before artistic actualization is manifested in its very real rendering.
The infinite translation of medical knowledge into its illustrations is credited with its strong investigative drive. BrÃÆ'¶del understands the important role medical illustration is played in teaching medical students the complexity and functionality of anatomical structures, and is therefore interested in educating himself by examining medical texts, attending lectures, and tapping corpses.
Another area of ​​medical care he is widely employed is Otolaryngology and Urology.
Setbacks
On March 24, 1899, Max BrÃÆ'¶del was diagnosed with a streptococcal infection in his hands and arms, caused by improper practice in handling anatomical dissection without gloves. He needed several operations on his left arm, including one to separate the nerve fibers from scar tissue. These operations are performed by Dr. William S. Halsted, Head of Surgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital. Utilizing this experience, BrÃÆ'¶del illustrated and detailed his medical condition and resulted in a non-dominant left-handedness. Despite encouragement by Halsted, these images remain unpublished.
In December 1904, BrÃÆ'¶del suffered severe injuries on the middle finger of his right hand. Another Johns Hopkins Doctor, Dr. John Miller Turpin Finney, was able to help restore normal functionality, allowing BrÃÆ'¶del to continue his art and music quest.
Year of war
With the onset of World War I, BrÃÆ'¶del experienced the alienation and disappointment that lived among the anti-German sentiments in the United States along with his declining health in Germany. Henriette BrÃÆ'¶del will end dying on 2 November 1915 and Max will become more closed when the following years, realizing that he has exaggerated the amount of interest and growth of his medical illustration training program to receive, expecting him to grow in that way never happened.
Max's program will be plagued by low student enrollment during the war years and the persistent problem of minor compensation in the medical illustration profession, with two of his students refusing to offer to work with his former colleague Brødel, Harvey Cushing, now at Harvard. School of Medicine, on the issue of salary.
Famous works and techniques
Technique of carbon dust
Max BrÃÆ'¶del is credited with the development of carbon dust engineering for medical and scientific illustrations. He has searched for acceptable media to demonstrate the clarity and detailed characteristics of live tissue, and to make breakthroughs using clay surface lithography transfer paper. Using a variety of media, realistic multi-dimensional representations of complex anatomical structures can be constructed. Dust is made by shaving a carbon pencil against the abrasive surface, and then apply this fine dust to the textured paper, calcium-lined with a dry brush. Increasing the depth and dimensions of the image, the carbon dust technique is able to add highlights, shadows, and textures to BrÃÆ'¶del's work. Due to the limitations of the black and white printing era, the relative ease of reprinting artwork made with carbon dust makes this a very suitable technique for a variety of scientific illustrations. Popularized in the 1900s, this method is still used today because of its ability to capture some amazing visual details.
Department of Art as Applied to Medicine
In 1910, BrÃÆ'¶del received an inviting offer for a position at the Mayo Clinic. Gynecologist and close friend BrÃÆ'¶del, Dr. Thomas S. Cullen, began raising funds for a department in which BrÃÆ'¶del can remain satisfied at Johns Hopkins and train next-generation medical illustrators with the necessary skills and background.
Henry Walters, a Baltimore financier, philanthropist and art collector, agreed to fund the creation of this venture. In 1911, BrÃÆ'¶del became the inaugural director of the Department of Art as Applied to Medicine at Johns Hopkins. The goal is to train medical illustrators to work with physicians to improve understanding of how the body works. This program is the first of its kind, and attracts medical and art students from all over the world.
In an article published in the September 1911 issue of The Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin, BrÃÆ'¶del laid down his case for departmental creation. "The goal," he wrote, "is to bridge the gap between art and medicine, and train new generations of artists to illustrate future medical and book journals and
to keep them from the years of temptation and disappointment of their self-taught predecessors. "
BrÃÆ'¶del led the department until 1939.
Death
Max BrÃÆ'¶del died on October 26, 1941, pancreatic cancer in Baltimore, Maryland. About two months before he died, BrÃÆ'¶del published a paper in the Journal of the American Medical Association titled "Medical Illustration." It provides first-hand accounts and insights about his long illustration career.
Illustrative heritage
Important textbook
- Operative Gynecology (Vols I & II; Kelly
- Gynecology , Kelly
- Medical Gynecology , Kelly
- The Vermiform Appendix and the Disease , Kelly, and Elizabeth Herndon
- Gynecology and Stomach Surgery (Vols I & II), Kelly and Charles Noble
- Myomata from Uterus , Kelly and Cullen
- Kidney Disease, Ureter, and Bladder (Vols I & amp; II), Kelly and Charles Burnham
Department of Art as Applied to Medicine
BrÃÆ'¶del not only leaves a large collection of medical illustrations, its carbon dust technique is still in use today, and the Department of Art as Applied Medicine is still recognized for their excellence in visual communication in science and medicine. Many former students in the Department of the Arts applied to Medicine then formed a large percentage of the founding members of the Medical Illustrator Association, which began in 1945. Several famous artists deeply influenced by BrÃÆ'¶del include the following.
- Elizabeth BrÃÆ'¶del from Woman's Clinic at New York Hospital
- James F. Didusch from the Department of Embryology at the Carnegie Institution
- Dorcas Hager Padget from Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
- Willard C. Shepard of Chicago
- Leon Schlossberg of Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
Institutions that have been influenced by BrÃÆ'¶del's work in medical illustrations include Wilmer, Brady, Mayo and Lahey clinics, the American Museum of Natural History, and Yale University, Minnesota, Rochester, Toronto and Tulane.
Johns Hopkins Hospital
In 1938, a portrait of Max BrÃÆ'¶del by artist Thomas C. Corner, presented and displayed in the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine along with a portrait of medical pioneers, William Osler, Wiliam Stewart Halsted, Howard Atwood Kelly, and William H. Welch. This view of recognition was initiated by the vice president of W.B. Saunders medical publishing company, Mr. R.W. Greene.
BrÃÆ'¶del Archive
Most illustrations of BrÃÆ'¶del and its incomplete manuscripts are stored in the BrÃÆ'¶del archive located at Johns Hopkins Medical School. Visitors and researchers are allowed to reproduce the selection of his works with special permission. All BrÃÆ'¶del's works for Dr. Kelly and Dr. Thomas S. Cullen is numbered from 1 to 989.
See also
- Medical Illustration
- Medical Illusions Association
- Johns Hopkins Medical School
- Johns Hopkins Hospital
References
Further reading
- Ranice W. Crosby; John Cody (1991). Max BrÃÆ'¶del: The Man Who Incorporated Art Into Medicine . Berlin: Springer. ISBNÃ, 0-387-97563-2. Ã,
External links
- Art Department as Applied to Treatment
- Medical Illusions Association
- Works by or about Max BrÃÆ'¶del in the Internet Archive
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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