Peter Pan; or, Unwilling Boy or Peter and Wendy is the most famous work of JM Barrie, in the form of the 1904 drama and novel 1911. Both versions tell the story of Peter Pan, a naughty but innocent boy who can fly, and has many adventures on Neverland island inhabited by mermaids, fairies, Native Americans, and pirates. The stories of Peter Pan also involve figures of Wendy Darling and her two brothers, Peter's elf, Tinker Bell, The Lost Boys, and Captain Hook's Captain. The drama and novel were inspired by Barrie's friendship with the family of Llewelyn Davies. Barrie continued to revise the drama for years after her debut until the publication of drama script in 1928.
The drama debuted in London on December 27, 1904 with Nina Boucicault, the daughter of playwright Dion Boucicault, in a title role. Broadway production was installed in 1905, starring Maude Adams. It was later revived with actresses such as Marilyn Miller and Eva Le Gallienne. The drama has been adapted as a pantomime, music stage, special television, and several films, including the 1924 silent film, animated Disney animated film of 1953, and direct action in 2003. The drama is now rarely performed in its original form on stage in England, while pantomime adaptations are often staged around Christmas. In the US, the original version has also been replaced by the 1954 music version, which became popular on television.
This novel was first published in 1911 by Hodder & amp; Stoughton in England and Charles Scribner's Sons in the United States. The original book contains frontispiece and 11 half-tone plates by artist F. D. Bedford (whose illustrations are still copyrighted in the EU). This novel was first shortened by May Byron in 1915, with Barrie's permission, and published under the title Peter Pan and Wendy, the first time this form was used. This version was later illustrated by Mabel Lucie Attwell in 1921. In 1929, Barrie granted the copyright of Peter Pan's work to Great Ormond Street Hospital, a children's hospital in London.
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Barrie created Peter Pan in the stories he told his friends' sons, Sylvia Llewelyn Davies, with whom she had a special relationship. Mother's death Llewelyn Davies because of cancer came within a few years after her husband's death. Barrie was named guardian of the children and unofficially adopted them.
The character's name comes from two sources: Peter Llewelyn Davies, one of the boys, and Pan, the evil Greek god of the forest. Andrew Birkin states that the inspiration for the character is Barrie's brother, David, whose death in a skating accident at the age of fourteen greatly affects their mother. According to Birkin, death is a "catastrophe beyond belief, and one of which he never fully recovers.If Margaret Ogilvy [Barrie's mother as the female hero of her novel in 1896 of the title] draws a measure of comfort from the idea that David, man, will remain a boy forever, Barrie gets inspired. "
Peter Pan's character first appeared in print in the 1902 novel The Little White Bird, written for adults. The character was later used in the stage drama Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Would not Grow Up premiered in London on December 27, 1904 and became an instant success.
In 1906, the Little White Bird chapters featuring Peter Pan were published as a book of Peter Pan at Kensington Gardens, illustrated by Arthur Rackham.
Barrie later adapted the drama into the 1911 novel Peter and Wendy (most often now published only as Peter Pan ).
The original drama of the drama was titled just Anon: A Play . Barrie's job title includes The Great White Father and Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Hated Mothers . Producer Charles Frohman disliked the title on the script, in response to which Barrie reportedly suggested The Boy Who Could not Grow Up ; Frohman suggests turning it into Is not and dropping The Great White Father as the title.
Maps Peter and Wendy
Plot summary
Although the character appeared previously in Barrie's Little White Bird, his drama and novelist contains the story of Peter Pan's most famous myth. Both versions are different in some details of the story, but have many similarities. In both versions, Peter made a night call at the Darlings house in Bloomsbury, listening to the sleeping story before sleeping. Mary Darling from the open window. One night Peter was seen and, while trying to escape, he lost his shadow. On returning to claim it, Peter wakes Mary's daughter, Wendy Darling. Wendy manages to put her shadow back on him, and Peter knows that she knows many stories before going to bed. He invited her to Neverland to be the mother of his gang, the Lost Boys, the lost children at Kensington Gardens. Wendy agrees, and her brothers, John and Michael participate.
Their magical flight to Neverland followed by many adventures. The boys are blown up from the air by guns and Wendy is almost killed by Tootles Son Hilang. Peter and the Lost Boys built a small house for Wendy to stay while she was recuperating (a type of structure to this day called Wendy's house). Soon John and Michael adopted the ways of Lost Boys.
Peter welcomes Wendy to her underground home, and she immediately takes on the role of mother. Peter takes Darlings on some adventures, the first really dangerous thing going on at Laguna Mermaids. In the Lady of the Mermaid Lagoon, Peter and the Lost Children rescue the princess of Tiger Lily and engage in battle with pirates, including the evil Captain Kait. (Hook is hunted by a crocodile, who bites his left hand and wants to eat the rest.He is named after a hook that replaces his hand, the crocodile swallows a ticking clock, so Hook is afraid to tick the sound.) Peter gets hurt when Hook scratches him. He believed he would die, washed ashore in a rock as the waves were rising, but he viewed death as "a very big adventure". Fortunately, a bird allows her to use her nest as a boat, and Peter sails home.
As an expression of thanks for saving his Tiger Lily, his tribe guarded his home from the next pirate attack. Meanwhile, Wendy begins to fall in love with Peter and asks him what kind of feelings he has for her. Peter says that he is like his faithful son. One day while telling Lost Boys and his brothers John and Michael, Wendy recalled his parents and then decided to take them back and return to England. Unfortunately, and unbeknownst to Peter, Wendy and the children were captured by Captain Hook, who also tried to poison Peter's medicine while the boy was asleep. When Peter woke up, he learned from the Tinker Bell fairy that Wendy had been kidnapped - in an effort to please Wendy, she went for her medicine. Tink had no time to warn him about the poison, and instead drank it himself, causing his death. Tink tells him that he can be saved if the children believe in fairies. In one of the most famous moments in the drama, Peter turned to the audience watching the drama and begging people who believed in the fairies to applaud.
Peter goes to the ship. On the way, he meets a crocodile beating; Peter decides to copy the lice, so that each animal will recognize it and leave it unscathed. He did not realize that he was still beating as he boarded the ship, where Hook cowers, mistook him for a crocodile. While the pirates search for crocodiles, Peter sneaks into the cabin to steal the keys and free Lost Boys. When the pirates investigate the sound in the cabin, Peter defeats them. When he finally reveals himself, he and Hook start a climax battle, which Peter easily wins. He kicks Hook into a waiting crocodile's jaw, and Hook dies with the satisfaction that Peter actually kicked him off the ship, which Hook deemed "bad form". Then Peter took over the ship, and sailed back to London.
In the end, Wendy decides that her place is at home, great for her sad mother. Wendy then took all the boys but Peter returned to London. Before Wendy and her siblings arrive at their house, Peter flies forward, to try and block the window so that Wendy will think her mother has forgotten her. But when she learned of Mrs. Darling's misery, she bitterly left the window open and flew away. Peter came back for a bit, and he met her. Darling, who agreed to adopt Lost Boys. He offered to adopt Peter too, but Peter refused, afraid they would "catch him and make him a man." This suggests that Mary Darling knew Peter when she was a girl, because she changed little when Peter left.
Peter promised to be back for Wendy every spring. The last scene of the drama took place a year later when we saw Wendy getting ready to return home after spring cleaning had taken place. Peter had forgotten about Tinker Bell, The Lost Boys and even Hook, and did not understand Wendy's sad wish that she could bring her back with him. According to the drama narrator "It has to do with the puzzle of its existence.If he can understand it, his cry may be" Life will be a very big adventure! "
When Wendy Grows. An Afrterthought
Four years after the original production screening of Peter Pan , Barrie wrote an additional scene titled When Wendy Grew Up. An Afrterthought , then included in the last chapter of Peter and Wendy . In this scene, Peter returns for Wendy a few years later. But he is now growing up with his own daughter named Jane. It also reveals Wendy marries one of Lost Boys, although this is not mentioned in the novel, and never disclosed which one she married (in the original drama script, it is mentioned that she married Tootles, though Barrie removed this before publication). When Peter learned that Wendy had "betrayed" him in adulthood, he was sad until Jane agreed to come to Neverland as Peter's new mother. In the last few sentences of the novel, Barrie mentions that Jane has grown up and that Peter is now bringing her daughter, Margaret to Neverland. Barrie says this cycle will last forever for "gay and innocent and heartless" children.
An Afrterthought is only occasionally used in drama productions, but it makes a painful conclusion to the music production starring Mary Martin, and gives the premise for the Disney sequel to their animated adaptation of the story, Back to Never Land . The epilogue was filmed for the 2003 film but was not included in the final version, although a rough piece of sequence was included as an addition to the movie DVD.
Character
Peter Pan
Peter Pan is one of the protagonists of drama and novel. He is portrayed in the novel as a young man who still has all his first teeth; she wears clothes made from leaves (autumn leaves in drama, skeleton leaves in the novel) and plays pipes. He is the only boy who can fly without the help of Tinker Bell fairy dust. He has refused to grow and does not trust mothers because he feels betrayed by his own mother. He cares about Wendy, but can only see it as a motherly figure, not as romantic love and boyfriend/love. Barrie connects this with the "puzzle of its existence".
The Darling Family
The drama subtitle "The Boy Who Would not Grow Up" underlines the main theme: the conflict between innocence of childhood and adult responsibility. Peter literally chooses not to transition from one to the other, and encourages other children to do the same. However, the novel opening line, "All children, except one, grows", and the conclusion of the story shows that this desire is unrealistic, and there is an element of tragedy in the alternative.
Barrie is very keen on the many aspects of mental development of children decades before they are studied by cognitive psychologists. In particular, Peter lacks the mental capacity for secondary mental representation and can not remember the past, anticipate the future, consider two things at once or see things from the other person's point of view. Therefore he is amnesic, unimportant, impulsive and unfeeling.
There is a romantic aspect to the story, which is sometimes ignored or omitted altogether. Wendy's flirty desire to kiss Peter, her desire for mother figure, her conflicting feelings for Wendy, Tiger Lily, and Tinker Bell (each representing a different female archetype), and the symbolism of her bout with Captain Hook (traditionally played by the same actor as Wendy's father), all of which may signal Freudian interpretation (see Oedipus complex). Most of the children's adaptations of the drama, including the Disney movie of 1953, eliminate any romantic theme between Wendy and Peter, but the original novel of Barrie in 1904, her 1911 novel, Mary Martin music of 1954, and feature films on in 1924 and 2003 all signaled to the romantic elements..
Production stage
The original production stage took place at the Duke of York's Theater, London, on December 27, 1904. It starred Gerald du Maurier as Captain Hook and Mr. Darling, and Nina Boucicault as Peter. Band members Peter is Joan Burnett (Tootles), Christine Silver (Nibs), A. W. Baskcomb (Little), Alice DuBarry (Curly), Pauline Chase (first twin), Phyllis Beadon (2nd twin). In addition to du Maurier, the pirates are: George Shelton (Smee), Sidney Harcourt (Gentleman Starkey), Charles Trevor (Cookson), Frederick Annerley (Cecco), Hubert Willis (Mullins), James English (Jukes), John Kelt (Noodler). Philip Darwin plays the Great Big Little Panther, Miriam Nesbitt is Tiger Lily, and Ela Q. May plays Liza, (credited as "Author of the Play"). First Pirate played by Gerald Malvern, Second Pirate by J. Grahame, Black Pirate by S. Spencer, Crocodile by A. Ganker & amp; C. Lawton, and Ostrich by G. Henson.
Tinker Bell is represented onstage by a dashed light "made by a small mirror held in the hand off the stage and reflecting a small circle of light from a strong lamp" and its voice is "the bell collar and two special ones that Barrie brought from Switzerland". However, Miss "Jane Wren" or "Jenny Wren" is listed among the players in the original production program as playing Tinker Bell: this is intended as a joke that tricked H.M. Tax Inspector, who sent him a tax request.
This is traditional in the production of Peter Pan for Darling (the father of the children) and Captain Hook to be played (or voiced) by the same actors. Although this was originally done only to make full use of the actors (characters appearing in different parts of the story) without the thematic intent, some critics have felt the similarity between the two characters as central figures in the lives of children. It also brings a poignant juxtaposition between Mr. Malicious blowers. Darling and Captain Hook's arrogant pride.
Cecilia Loftus played Peter in the production of 1905-1906. Pauline Chase took on the role of the 1906-07 season of London until 1914 while Zena Dare was Peter on tour for most of that period. Jean Forbes-Robertson became a famous Pan in London in the 1920s and 1930s.
Following the success of London's original production, Charles Frohman rode a production in New York City at the Empire Theater in 1905. The 1905 Broadway production starred Maude Adams, who will play that role again and again for over a decade and, in the US, is an actress who most concerned in public awareness with his role over the next fifty years. It was produced again in the US by the Civic Repertory Theater in November 1928 and December 1928, in which Eva LeGallienne directed and played the role of Peter Pan. Among the most successful musical theater adaptations in the United States is the first American version of American music produced on Broadway in 1954, starring Mary Martin, which was then recorded for television and re-aired several times. Martin became the actress most associated with roles in the US for decades, though Sandy Duncan and Cathy Rigby each then toured extensively in this version and became famous in the role.
Adaptations
The story of Peter Pan has become a popular one for adaptation to other media. His story and character have been used as the basis for a number of films (live action and animation), stage music, television programs, ballet, and supporting media and merchandise. The most famous of these is the 1953 animated film produced by Walt Disney featuring the sound of 15-year-old movie actor Bobby Driscoll (one of the first male actors in the title role, traditionally played by women); a series of musical productions (and their television presentations) starring Mary Martin, Sandy Duncan, and Cathy Rigby; and the 2003 live-action film produced by P. J. Hogan starring Jeremy Sumpter.
There are several additional stories of Peter Pan, including the official sequel to Peter Pan in Scarlet , and high profile sequel series Return to Never Land and Hook of the stories have appeared elsewhere, especially Tinker Bell as the mascot and Disney characters. Characters are in the public domain in multiple jurisdictions, leading to unauthorized extensions to myths and character usage. Some of them have been controversial, such as a series of prewash by Dave Barry and Ridley Pearson, and Lost Girls, a sexually explicit novel by Alan Moore and Melinda Gebbie, featuring Wendy Darling and the heroes of < i> The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and Alice's Adventure in the Wonderland .
Criticism and Controversy
There is controversy surrounding some novel aspects and subsequent adaptations. Critics argue that the novel has a racist tone, especially in the case of the redskins tribe belonging to Tiger Lily, who calls Peter "the great white father". Later adaptation of the screen has taken various approaches to these characters, sometimes featuring it as a racial caricature, ignoring it, trying to present it more authentically, or framing it as another kind of "exotic" person.
Copyright status
The copyright status of the Peter Pan story and its character has been the subject of much debate, especially since the original version began entering the public domain in various jurisdictions. In 1929, Barrie granted copyright to works featuring Peter Pan to the Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH), the leading children's hospital in England, and requested that prize value should not be disclosed; This gift is confirmed in his will. GOSH has implemented these rights internationally to help support the work of the agency.
United Kingdom
English copyright originally ended in late 1987 (50 years after Barrie's death) but was later revived in 1995 when the law was changed after a directive to harmonize copyright laws within the European Union, extending the copyright period to 70 years after the author's death. However, in 1988, former Prime Minister James Callaghan sponsored an amendment to Parliament Bill which granted the hospital the right to royalty forever for every performance, publication, broadcast of the drama or adaptation of the drama. The bill does not provide full hospital intellectual property rights for work such as creative control over the use of the material or the right to refuse permission to use it. This does not include Peter Pan's part of The Little White Bird, which precedes the drama and is therefore not an "adaptation" of it. The exact phrase is in section 301, and Schedule 6 for Copyright, Design, and Patent Act 1988:
301. The provisions of Schedule 6 have the effect of negotiating on guardians for the sake of the Great Ormond Street Hospital of London, the right to royalties in relation to public performance, commercial publications, broadcasting or inclusion in the programming cable of dramas' Peter Pan 'by Sir James Matthew Barrie, or of any adaptation of the work, although the copyright in the work ended on 31 December 1987.
United States
The Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH) claims that US law was effective in 1978 and again in 1998, extending the copyright of drama script published in 1928, granting them copyright over "Peter Pan" in general until 2023 , although GOSH recognizes that the copyright of the novel version, published in 1911, has ended in the United States.
Previously, GOSH's claim of US copyright has been opposed by various parties. J. E. Somma sued GOSH for permitting the publication of its sequel in the US After Rain, New Adventure for Peter Pan . GOSH and Somma quit the court in March 2004, issued a joint statement in which GOSH declared the work a valuable contribution to the field of children's literature. Somma characterizes his novel - which he argues as a critique of the original work, not just its derivatives - as the "fair use" of the hospital's "intellectual property rights". The lawsuit was settled under the terms of absolute secrecy. It does not set any legal precedent. Disney is a longtime license holder for animation rights, and works with the hospital when his copyright claims are clear, but in 2004 Disney published Dave Barry and Ridley Pearson Peter and Starcatcher in the US, first of several sequels, without permission and without making any royalty payments. In 2006, Top Shelf Productions was published in the US. Lost Girls , a pornographic graphic novel featuring Wendy Darling, also without permission or royalty.
other jurisdictions
The original versions of dramas and novels are in the public domain in countries where the copyright period is 70 years (or less) after the death of the creators. These include the European Union (except Spain), Australia, Canada (where Somma's book was first published without incident), and most other countries (see the long list of state copyright). This is copyright in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, where copyright lasts 75 years after the author's death.
However, this work still has copyright in some countries: in Colombia and Spain until 2018, where the prevailing term is 80 years after death. (This will also be copyrighted in CÃÆ'Â'te d'Ivoire, Guatemala and Honduras, but these countries recognize "short-term rules", which means that the terms of the home country apply if shorter than those local terms.)
See also
- List of works based on Peter Pan
- Peter Pan flights, attractions in many Walt Disney Parks and Resorts.
- Puer aeternus
References
General reference
External links
- Peter Pan and Wendy in Project Gutenberg
- Peter Pan Story: Retold From the Fairy Play in Faded Page (Canada)
- List of non-musical productions Peter Pan (Internet Broadway Database)
- Many photos from the production of Peter Pan
- The Peter Pan Alphabet , 1907
- Neverpedia, a comprehensive website about J. M. Barrie and Peter Pan
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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