An idiom (Latin: idiom , "special property", from Ancient Greece: ?????? , "special features, special expressions, peculiarities", Ancient Greek: ????? , translit. Ã , ÃÆ'dios , "own property") is a phrase or phrase that has figurative, or sometimes literal, meaning. Classified as a formula language, the meaning of the idiom is different from its literal meaning. There are thousands of idioms, often in all languages. It is estimated that there are at least twenty-five thousand idiomatic expressions in English.
Video Idiom
Derivasi
Many idiomatic expressions, in their original usage, are not figurative but have a literal meaning. Also, sometimes the attribution of literal meaning can change when the phrase becomes disconnected from its original root, leading to the etymology of the people. For example, leaked beans (meaning revealing secrets) has been said to derive from the ancient method of democratic elections, in which voters will place beans to one of several cups to indicate which candidate he wants to vote for. If the urns spill before the vote count is complete, anyone will be able to see which bottle has more nuts, and therefore which candidate will be the winner. Over time, the practice was discontinued and the idiom became figurative.
However, the etymology for this spill the bean has been questioned by linguists. The earliest written account was known to have originated in the United States and involves horse racing around 1902-1903, and the man who "spilled the beans" was a horse who could not possibly win the race, thus causing favorites to lose. In 1907 the term was used in baseball, but the subject that "spilled the beans" shifted to the player making the mistake, allowing the other team to win. In 1908 the term began to apply to politics, in the sense that crossing the floor in voting was "spilling nuts". However, in all initial use the term "spill" is used in the sense of "annoyance" rather than "leaking". A stackexchange discussion provides a large number of links to historic newspapers covering the use of the term from 1902 onwards.
Other idioms are deliberately figurative. Broken legs , used as an ironic way to say good luck in a show or presentation, may arise from the belief that one should not say "good luck" to an actor. By praying for someone who is unlucky, he suspects that the opposite will happen.
Maps Idiom
Composition
In linguistics, idiom is usually considered an allegory contrary to the principle of compositionality. The composition is a key idea for idiom analysis emphasized in most idiomatic accounts. This principle states that the overall meaning must be constructed from the meaning of the parts that make up the whole. In other words, one must be in a position to understand the whole if one understands the meaning of each of the parts that make up the whole. The following examples are used extensively to illustrate this point:
Fred menendang ember .
Comprehensively understood, Fred actually kicked the real physical bucket. However, much more likely idiomatic readings are noncompositional: Fred is understood to have died. Arriving at the idiomatic readings of the literal readings is not possible for most speakers. What this means is that the idiomatic readings are, more precisely, stored as a lexical item that is now largely independent of literal readings.
In phraseology, the idiom is defined as a sub-type of phraseme, which means not the usual amount of the meaning of its component parts. John Saeed defines an idiom as a storied word that sticks together to morpheme into a fossil term. This word location changes each component word in a group of words and becomes an idiomatic expression . . Idioms are usually not well translated; in some cases, when the idiom is translated directly word by word to another language, its meaning is altered or meaningless.
When two or three words are often used together in a particular order, words are said to be irreversible binomials, or conjoined twins. Usage will prevent words from being moved or rearranged. For example, a person may be left "high and dry" but never "dry and tall". This idiom in turn means that the person is abandoned in the original condition rather than being helped so that his condition improves. However, not all Siamese twins are idioms. "Chips and dyes" is an irreversible binomial, but it refers to literal food, not an idiomatic one.
Mobility
Idioms have different mobility levels. While some idioms are used only in routine form, others may experience syntactic modifications such as pacifism, improved construction, and clefting, suggesting separate constituents in idioms. mobile Idioms , allowing such movements, maintaining their idiomatic meaning where fixed idioms are not:
- Mobile I spilled nuts on our project. -> Nuts spilled on our project.
- Stay
- Parents kick the bucket. -> Bucket is kicked (by parent).
Many idioms still lack the semantic composition , which means that the idiom contains the semantic role of the verb, but not from any object. It's true to kick the bucket , which means dead . In contrast, the composite semantic idiom spills nuts , which means reveals secrets , contains verbs and semantic objects, reveals and secret >. Semiquant idiom Symbols have syntactic similarities between surface and semantic form.
The types of movements allowed for a particular idiom also relate to the extent to which the literal readings of the idiom are related to their idiomatic meaning. This is referred to as motivation or transparency . While most idioms that do not display semantic compositions generally do not allow non-adjectival modification, the motivated also allow for lexical substitution. For example, turning on the wheel and greasing the wheel allows variations for nouns that produce the same literal meaning. These types of changes can occur only when the speakers can easily recognize the connection between what the idiom is meant to express and its literal meaning, so idioms like kicking a bucket can not happen when kicking pot >
From a grammatical perspective of dependencies, idioms are represented as catena that can not be disturbed by non-idiomatic content. Although syntactic modification introduces disruption to idiomatic structures, this continuity is only necessary for idioms as lexical entries.
Certain idioms, allowing unlimited syntactic modification, can be regarded as metaphors. Expressions such as jump on the bandwagon pull strings , and pull lines all represent their meaning independently in their verbs and objects, making them compositional. In the idiom jumping on the bandwagon , jumping on involves joining something and the 'bandwagon' can refer to the collective cause, regardless of its context.
Translate idiom
A word-for-word translation of the opaque idiom literally will most likely not convey the same meaning in other languages. The English Idiom kicking the basket has various equivalents in other languages, such as kopn ?? w calendarz ("kick calendar") in Polish, casser sa pipe ("to break the pipe") in French and tirare le cuoia skins ") in Italian.
Some idioms are transparent. Most of the meaning works if they are taken (or translated) literally. For example, put someone's card on the table which means expressing an unknown intention, or to reveal a secret. Transparency is a matter of level; spill nuts (to let confidential information be known) and do not leave missed business needs (to do all that is possible to achieve or find something) is not entirely literal but can be interpreted, but only involves a little metaphorical widening. Another category of idioms is a word that has several meanings, sometimes simultaneously, sometimes seen from the context of its use. This is seen in English (mostly non-reflective) in polysemics, the general use of the same word for an activity, for those involved, for the product used, for the place or time of an activity, and sometimes for a verb.
Idioms tend to confuse those who are not familiar with it; students of the new language must learn its idiomatic expression as a vocabulary. Many natural language words have idiomatic origins, but are assimilated, thus losing their figurative meaning, for example, in Portuguese, the expression saber de coraÃÆ'§ÃÆ' £ o 'to know by heart', with the same meaning as in English, abbreviated to 'saber de cor', and, later, to the verb decoration , meaning memorizing .
In 2015, TED collected 40 examples of odd idioms that can not be translated literally. They include a Swedish proverb "to slide on a shrimp sandwich", which refers to someone who does not have to work to get their place. "
Dealing with non-compositionality
Non-compositionality of meaning of idioms challenges syntactic theories. The fixed words of many idioms do not qualify as constituents in any sense. As an example:
How do we get to the bottom this situation?
The fixed words of this idiom (in bold) do not form a constituent in the analysis of the theory of any syntactic structure because the object of the preposition (here this situation ) is not part of the idiom (but rather it is the argument of the idiom ). One can know that it is not part of the idiom because it is variable; for example, How we got to the bottom of this situation/claim/phenomenon/statement/ etc. What this means is the theory of syntax that takes constituents into the basic units of syntactic analysis challenged. The way in which the unit of meaning assigned to the syntax unit remains unclear. This issue has motivated a great deal of discussion and debate among linguists and this is the main motivator behind the Grammar Construction framework.
The relatively recent development in idiomatic syntax analysis departs from syntactically based constituent-based accounts, preferring catena-based accounts. The catena unit was introduced to linguistics by William O'Grady in 1998. Any word or combination of words that are linked together by dependencies qualify as catena. The words that make up the idiom are stored as catenae in the lexicon, and as such, they are a syntactic unit of concrete. Grammar grammatical dependence of several sentences containing a non-constituent idiom illustrates this:
The fixed words of the idiom (orange) in each case are linked together by dependencies; they form catena. Materials that are outside the idiom (in normal black scripts) are not part of the idiom. The following two trees illustrate the proverb:
The fixed words of the proverb (in orange) once again form a catena each time. Adjectives subtleties and annotations are always not part of their respective adage and their appearance does not interfere with the fixed words of the maxim. A warning about catena-based idiom analysis concerning their status in the lexicon. Idioms are lexical items, which means they are stored as catenae in the lexicon. However, in actual syntax, some idioms can be broken down by various functional constructions.
The katena-based idiom analysis provides the basis for an understanding of the compositionality of meaning. The principle of Composition can actually be maintained. The unit of meaning is being assigned to catenae, where much of this catenae is not a constituent.
See also
References
Bibliography
External links
- Idioms - Online English idiom dictionary.
- babelite.org - Dictionary of cross-language idioms in English, Spanish, French and Portuguese.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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