John Gould

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John Gould FRS ( ; 14 September 1804 - 3 February 1881) is an English bird and bird artist. He published a number of monographs on birds, illustrated with the dishes he produced with the help of his wife, Elizabeth Gould, and several other artists including Edward Lear, Henry Constantine Richter, Joseph Wolf and William Matthew Hart. He has been considered the father of bird studies in Australia and the Gould League in Australia is named after him. His identification of birds now nicknamed "Darwin's Sparrow" played a role in the formation of Darwin's theory of evolution through natural selection. Gould's work is referenced in Charles Darwin's book, On the Origin of Species .

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Gould was born in Lyme Regis, Dorset, the first son of a gardener. He and the boy may have little education. Shortly after, his father gained a position on a plantation near Guildford, Surrey, and then in 1818 Gould became a foreman at the Royal Gardens of Windsor. He is for some time under the care of J. T. Aiton, of the Royal Gardens of Windsor. The young Gould began his training as a gardener, who was employed under his father in Windsor from 1818 to 1824, and he later became a gardener at Ripley Castle in Yorkshire. He became an expert in taxidermy art. In 1824 he set himself up in business in London as a veterinarian, and his expertise helped him become the first Curator and Sustainer of the Zoological Society of London museum in 1827.

Maps John Gould

Research and work published

Gould's position brought him in contact with the country's leading naturalists. This means he is often the first to see new bird collections given to the Zoological Society of London. In 1830, a group of birds arrived from the Himalayas, much of which was not explained before. Gould published these birds in the A Century of Birds of the Himalayas (1830-1832). The text was written by Nicholas Aylward Vigors and his illustrations are in lithographs by the wife of Gould, Elizabeth, daughter of Nicholas Coxen, from Kent. Most of Gould's works are rough sketches on paper from which other artists create lithographic plates.

This work is followed by four more in the next seven years, including European Bird in five volumes. Completed in 1837; Gould wrote the text, and his employee, Edwin Prince, did the editing. Some illustrations were made by Edward Lear as part of the Psittacidae Family Illustration in 1832. Nevertheless, Lear was in financial trouble, and he sold the entire set of lithographs to Gould. The books were published in a very large size, imperial folio, with magnificent colored plates. Finally 41 of these books were published, with about 3000 plates. They appear in sections on Ã, Â £ 3 3s. number, subscription for in advance, and regardless of the huge cost of preparing the plate, Gould manages to make his effort pay, manifest a fortune. This is a busy period for Gould who also publishes Icones Avium in two parts containing 18 studies of leaf birds on a 54 cm platter as a supplement to his earlier works. No further monographs were published in 1838 he and his wife moved to Australia to work in the Birds of Australia. Not long after they returned to England, his wife died in 1841.

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Working with Darwin

When Charles Darwin presented a specimen of mammals and birds collected during the second voyage of the HMS to the Zoological Society of London on January 4, 1837, a bird specimen was given to Gould for identification. He set aside his paid work and at the next meeting on January 10 reported that birds from the Galapagos Islands which Darwin claims are black birds, "dirty money" and sparrows are actually "a series of very strange Finches" to form < i> "an entirely new group of 12 species." This story makes a newspaper. In March, Darwin met Gould again, knowing that his Galápagos "wren" was a species of finch and the other mockingbird he labeled by the island was a separate species and not just a variety, with relatives in mainland South America. Furthermore, Gould suggested that the smaller southern Rhea specimen that had been rescued from a Christmas dinner was a separate species he named Rhea darwinii, whose territory overlapped with the northern rhea. Darwin did not care to label his finches on the island, but the others in the expedition were more cautious. He is now looking for specimens collected by captain Robert FitzRoy and crew. Of them, he can establish that species are unique to the islands, an important step in the birth of his theory of evolution by natural selection. Gould's work on the birds was published between 1838 and 1842 in five figures as Section 3 of the Himalayan Zoology. Beagle , edited by Charles Darwin.

Research in Australia

In 1838, Goulds sailed to Australia, intending to study the birds of the country and be the first to produce great works about it. They brought with them collectors John Gilbert. They arrived in Tasmania in September, acquainted with governor Sir John Franklin and his wife. Gould and Gilbert gathered on the island. In February 1839, Gould sailed to Sydney, leaving his pregnant wife with the Franklins. She goes to her brother-in-law's office in Yarrundi, spending her time looking for bowlirds at the Liverpool Range. In April he returned to Tasmania for the birth of his son. In May he sailed to Adelaide to meet Charles Sturt, who was preparing to lead the expedition to the Murray River. Gould was collected at Mount Lofty, Murray Scrubs and Kangaroo Island, back to Hobart in July. He then traveled with his wife to Yarrundi. They returned to England in May 1840.

The result of the trip was The Birds of Australia (1840-1848). This includes a total of 600 plates in seven volumes; 328 species are described as new to science and named by Gould. He also published A Monograph of Macropodidae, or Family of Kangaroos (1841-1842) and three working volumes of The Australian Mammals (1849-1861).

Elizabeth died in 1841 after the birth of their eighth child, Sarah, and Gould's books then used illustrations by a number of artists, including Henry Constantine Richter, William Matthew Hart and Joseph Wolf.

Hummingbirds

Throughout his professional life, Gould has a strong interest in hummingbirds. He collected a collection of 320 species, which were exhibited at the Great Exhibition of 1851. Although interested, Gould has never seen a hummingbird live. In May 1857 he traveled to the United States with his second son, Charles. He arrived in New York early in the season to see the hummingbirds in the city, but on May 21, 1857, at Bartram's Gardens in Philadelphia, he finally saw his first living creature, a ruby-throated hummingbird. He then proceeded to Washington D.C. where he sees a large number in the Capitol gardens. Gould tried to return to England with live specimens, but, because he was not aware of the conditions needed to defend it, they only lived for two months at most.

Other works

Gould was published: A Monography of Trochilidae or Humming Birds with 360 plates (1849-61); Australian Mammals (1845-63), Handbook for Australian Birds (1865), Asian Birds (1850-83), < Britain (1862-73) and New Guinea and Papua New Guinea Islands (1875-88).

Birds of the United Kingdom

The University of Glasgow, which has a copy of Birds of Great Britain, described John Gould as "the greatest figure in bird illustrations after Audubon," and the Sotherans painters described the work as "Gould pride and happiness".

Gould has published some illustrations at Birds of Europe , but Birds of Great Britain represents the development of his aesthetic style where he adds nest and young illustrations on a large scale.

Sotherans Co. reported that Gould published the book itself, producing 750 copies, which remains sought both as a complete volume, and as individual plates, which currently vary in price from Ã, Â £ 450 - Ã, Â £ 850. The University of Glasgow notes that volumes was issued in London in 25 sections, to make the full set, between 1863 and 1873, and each set contained 367 colored lithographs.

Gould toured the Scandinavian ornithology in 1856, in preparation for the work, bringing along artist Henry Wolf drawing 57 plates from Gould's preparation sketch. According to The University of Glasgow, Gould's skill quickly produced rough sketches of nature (most of the sketches taken from specimens just died) capture the peculiarities of each species. Gould then oversaw the process by which his artist composes his sketches into finished drawings, which are made into colored lithographs by sculptor William Hart.

There was a problem: the snow owl stone carving in my volume was dropped and damaged at an early stage in printing. Later this plate problem shows evidence of this damage and consequently the initial problem - printed before the crash - is considered more desirable.

The lithograph is colored by hand, and, in preliminary writing for the work, Gould declares "every sky of varying color and every feather of each bird colored by hand, and when it is considered that nearly two hundred and eighty thousand illustrations in the present work have been treated in such a way, will most likely cause some amazement for those who give the subject a thought. "

The work has been critically acclaimed: according to Mullens and Swann, The Birds of Great Britain is "the most luxurious and expensive bird book of England", while Wood describes it as "an extraordinary work". Isabella Tree writes that it is "visible - probably partly because the subject is English, as the apex of [his] genius".

In 2012 the rare book dealer Peter Harrington described the full five-volume edition as follows:

5 volumes, folio (580 ÃÆ'â € "350 mm). Tucked delicately by Tuckett (binder for Queen) in contemporary green Morocco, golden assorted threads in compartments, lifting ribbons, intricate and elaborate flower scrolls onto gold planks, yellow-plated endpapers , all the sides of gold. 367 handcoloured lithographs by Richter and Hart after Gould and Wolf, plus gum-Arabs.

Tributes

A number of animals are named after Gould, including those in English like Gould rats.

Burung-burung yang dinamai setelah Gould termasuk

• Gould's petrel ( Pterodroma leucoptera )
• Gould's shortwing ( Brachypteryx stellata )
• Frogmouth Gould ( Batrachostomus stellatus )
• permata Gould ( Heliodoxa aurescens )
• Gould's inca ( Coeligena inca )
• toucanet Gould ( Selenidera gouldii )
• Coquette dot-eared ( Lophornis gouldii )
• Eufonia yang didukung oleh zaitun ( Euphonia gouldi )

Two species of reptiles are named for their respect: Gould monitor ( Varanus gouldii ) and black-headed Gould ( Suta gouldii ).

Gould's sunbird, atau sunbird Ny. Gould, ( Aethopyga gouldiae ) dan finch Gouldian ( Erythrura gouldiae ) dinamai sesuai dengan istrinya.

A visit to Gould in his old age inspired the painting of John Everett Millais The Ruling Passion .

The Gould League, founded in Australia in 1909, is named after him. This organization gave many Australians their first introduction to birds, along with more general environmental and ecological education. One of his main sponsors is the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union.

In 1976 he was honored with a stamp, with his paintings, issued by the Australian Post. In 2009, a series of birds from Birds of Australia, with a painting by H C Richter, was featured in another set of stamps.

Family

His son, Charles Gould, is famous as a geological surveyor.

See also

• All pages with titles containing Gouldi for species named for Gould
• All pages with titles containing Gouldii for species named for Gould

Bibliography

Source: Australian Museum Research Library

• John Gould; European birds ; 1832-37. 5 vols. Withdrawn from nature & amp; on the rocks by J. & amp; E. Gould. Printed by Hullmandel
• John Gould; A monograph from Ramphastidae, or toucans family ; 1833-35. 1 vol. 34 dishes; Artists: J. Gould, E. Gould, E. Lear and G. Scharf; Litographer: E. Gould and E. Lear;
• John Gould; Synopsis of Australian birds, and adjacent islands ; 1837-38 1 vol. 73 plates; Artist and lithographer: E. Gould
• John Gould; Australian birds ; 1840-48. 7 vols. 600 dishes; Artists: J. Gould and E. Gould; Litographer: E. Gould
• John Gould; A monument of Odontophorinae, or American jungle ; 1844-50 1 vol. 32 dishes; Artist: J. Gould and H. C. Richter; Litographer: H. C. Richter
• John Gould; Asian birds ; 1850-83 7 vol. 530 plates, Artist: J. Gould, H. C. Richter, W. Hart and J. Wolf; Litographer: H. C. Richter and W. Hart; Sections 33-55 were completed after Gould's death by R. Bowdler Sharpe; Vol VI: Artist and lithographer: W. Hart
• John Gould; Australian birds; Supplements 1851-69. 1 vol. 81 plates; Artist: J. Gould and H. C. Richter; Litographer: H. C. Richter
• John Gould; The Birds of Great Britain ; 1862-73. 5 vols. 367 plates; Artist: J. Gould, J. Wolf, H.C. Richter and W. Hart; Litographer: H. C. Richter and W. Hart
• John Gould; New Guinea birds and neighboring Papuan islands, including many new species recently discovered in Australia ; 1875-88. 5 vols. 300 dishes; Sections 13-25 were completed after Gould's death by R. Bowdler Sharpe; Artists: J. Gould and W. Hart; Litographer: W. Hart
• John Gould; A monograph Trochilidae, or family of humming birds Additional, completed after the death of Gould by R. Bowdler Sharpe; 1880-87. 5 parts. 58 plates; Artists: J. Gould and W. Hart; Litographer: W. Hart

Note

John Gould also happened to live next to the famous Broad Street pump in 1854. The pioneering epidemiologist John Snow mentions Gould and his assistant Prince in his famous book: In the way of cholera communication.

References

Source

• Chisholm, A. H. 1938. From the past: the material Gould found. Victoria Naturalist 55: 95-102.
• Gould, John. 1840-1848. Australian birds: in seven volumes .
• Maguire, T. H. 1846-1852. Portrait of Honorary Museum Members of Ipswich (George Ransome, Ipswich).
• Ã, Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney, eds. (1890). "Gould, John". Biography Dictionary . 22 . London: Smith, Elder & amp; Co. pp.Ã, 287-8.
• Sauer, G. C. 1948. Art and artists of birds; John Gould. American Antiques Journal 3: 6-9.
• Sauer, G. C. 1983. John Gould in America. In Contribution to the History of Natural History of North America . London, Society for Bibliography Natural History Special Publication No. 2: 51-58.
• Desmond, Adrian, and James Moore. 1991. Charles Darwin (Penguin)
• Sauer, G. C. 1982. John Gould the bird: chronology and bibliography . (Melbourne, Landsdowne)
• Trees, Isabella. 1991. The Ruling Passion of John Gould (Grove Weidefeld)
• Trees, Isabella. 2003. The Bird Man - The Extraordinary Story of John Gould (Ebury Press)
• Serle, Percival (1949). "Gould, John". Australian Biography Dictionary . Sydney: Angus and Robertson. Ã,

External links

• John Gould in Discovering the Mausoleum
• Exhibition at the Australian Museum
• The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle - bibliography by Freeman, R. B. (1977)
• A. H. Chisholm, 'Gould, John (1804-1881)', Australian Biographical Dictionary, Volume 1, MUP, 1966, pp 465-467.
• Books scanned from Gallica
• The Mammals of Australia - A series of high-resolution images taken from the 1845 edition.
• The work was digitized by John Gould (1804-1881) in the Biodiversity Heritage Library

Source of the article : Wikipedia