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Alan Alexander Milne (January 18, 1882 - January 31, 1956) is an English writer, best known for his books on Winnie-the-Pooh bear puppets and for various poems. Milne was a famous writer, especially as a playwright, before Pooh's great success overshadowed all his previous work. Milne served in both World Wars, joined the British Army in World War I, and became captain of the British Front Guard in World War II.
Video A. A. Milne
Biography
Alan Alexander Milne was born in Kilburn, London to the parents of John Vine Milne, born in Jamaica, and Sarah Marie Milne (nÃÆ' Â © e Heginbotham) and grew up in Henley House School, 6/7 Mortimer Road (now Crescent), Kilburn, a small public school run by his father. One of his teachers was H. G. Wells, who taught there in 1889-90. Milne studied at Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge where he studied mathematics scholarship, graduated with B.A. in Mathematics in 1903. He edited and wrote for Granta Punch , in which Milne became a contributor and later became an assistant editor. Milne plays for the British amateur cricket team Allahakbarries with writers J. M. Barrie and Arthur Conan Doyle.
Milne joined the British Army in World War I and served as an officer in the Royal Warwickshire Regiment and later, after a debilitating illness, the Royal Corps of Signals. He was assigned to the 4th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment on 1 February 1915 as the second lieutenant (on probation). His commission was confirmed on December 20, 1915. On July 7, 1916, he was wounded while on duty at the Battle of the Somme and returned to England. After recovering, he was recruited into Military Intelligence to write propaganda articles for MI 7b between 1916 and 1918. He was dismissed on 14 February 1919, and settled on Mallord Street, Chelsea. He relinquished his commission on 19 February 1920, retaining the rank of lieutenant.
After the war, he wrote his condemnation of the war entitled Peace with Honor (1934), which he retracted with the 1940s War with Honor. During World War II, Milne was one of the most prominent critics of British writer P. Gatt Wodehouse, who was captured at his country home in France by the Nazis and imprisoned for a year. Wodehouse made a radio broadcast on his detention, broadcast from Berlin. Despite the mild broadcasts mocking the Germans, Milne accused Wodehouse of treasonous acts close to cooperating with his country's enemies. Wodehouse gets some revenge on his former friend (for example, in The Mating Season) by creating a parody of Christopher Robin's poem in later stories, and claims that Milne "may be jealous of all other writers.... But I like the stuff. "
Milne married Dorothy "Daphne" de SÃ © lincourt in 1913 and their son Christopher Robin Milne was born in 1920. In 1925, Milne bought a country house, Cotchford Farm, in Hartfield, East Sussex.
During World War II, Milne became Captain of the British House Keeper at Hartfield & amp; Forest Row, insisted on becoming "Mr. Milne" for his platoon members. He retired to the farm after a stroke and brain surgery in 1952 made him disabled, and in August 1953 "he looked very old and disappointed." Milne died in January 1956, 74 years old.
Maps A. A. Milne
Career Literature
1903 to 1925
After graduating from Cambridge in 1903, A. A. Milne contributed a funny verse and strange essay to Punch , joined the staff in 1906 and became an assistant editor.
During this period he published 18 dramas and three novels, including the mystery of the murder of The Red House Mystery (1922). His son was born in August 1920 and in 1924 Milne produced a collection of children's poems when We Were Very Young, which was illustrated by the blows of cartoonist E. H. Shepard's staff. A collection of short stories for children Children's Gallery , and other stories that are part of Winnie-the-Pooh's book, first published in 1925.
Milne is an early screenwriter for the newborn British film industry, writing four stories filmed in 1920 for the company Minerva Films (founded in 1920 by actor Leslie Howard and his friend and story editor Adrian Brunel). This is The Bump , starring Aubrey Smith; Twice Two ; Five Pounds Reward ; and Nerd . Some of these films survive in the archives of the British Film Institute. Milne had met Howard when the actor starred in Milne's drama "Pim Passes By in London.
Looking back at this period (in 1926), Milne observed that when he told his agent that he was going to write a detective story, he was told that what the country wanted from a "humorous" punch was a funny story ; when two years later he said he was writing children's songs, his agent and publisher believed he had to write another detective story; and after two years, he was told that writing a detective story would be the worst of tastes given the demand for children's books. He concluded that "the only reason I have not found to write anything is that I want to write it, and I must proudly be delivered from the Phone Directory con amore because I should be ashamed to create the True Verse Tragedy someone else's offer. "
1926 to 1928
Milne is best known for his two Pooh books about a boy named Christopher Robin after his son, Christopher Robin Milne, and various characters inspired by his son's stuffed animal, especially a bear called Winnie-the-Pooh. Christopher Robin Milne's bear, originally named "Edward," was named "Winnie-the-Pooh" after a Canadian black bear named Winnie (after Winnipeg), used as a military mascot in World War I, and went to London Zoo. during the War. "The Pooh" comes from a goose named "Pooh." E. H. Shepard illustrates Pooh's original books, using his own puppet doll, Growler ("extraordinary bear"), as his model. The rest of Christopher Robin Milne's toys, Piglet, Eeyore, Kanga, Roo and Tigger, are inserted into A. A. Milne's story, and two other characters - Rabbit and Owl - created by Milne's imagination. Christopher Robin Milne's toys are now on display in New York where 750,000 people visit them every year.
The stories of the fictional Hundred Acre Wood of the Pooh are taken from Five Hundred Acre Wood in Ashdown Forest in East Sussex, South East England, where Pooh's stories are made. Milne lives on the northern edge of the forest at Cotchford Farm, 51.090 Â ° N 0.107 Â E / 51.090; 0.107 , and bring his son to walk there. E. H. Shepard describes the Ashdown Forest landscape as an inspiration to the many illustrations he provides for Pooh's books. Christopher Robin's adult commented: "The Pooh Forest and Ashdown Forest are identical." Popular tourist sites in Ashdown Forest include: Galleon's Lap , Enchanted Places , Heffalump Trap and Lone Pine , Eeyore's Sad and Gloomy Place , and Pooh Bridge where Pooh and Piglet find Poohsticks.
Not known as Pooh, he made his first appearance in a poem, "Teddy Bear," published in Punch magazine in February 1924. Pooh first appeared in London Evening News on Christmas Eve, 1925, in a story titled "The Wrong Sort Of Bees." Winnie-the-Pooh was published in 1926, followed by The House at Pooh Corner in 1928. The second collection of children's songs, Now We Are Six , published in 1927. The four books are illustrated by EH Shepard. Milne also published four plays in this period. He also "gallantly stepped forward" to contribute a quarter of the dramatizing cost of P. G. Wodehouse's A Damsel in Distress . The World of Pooh won the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award in 1958.
1929 so on
The success of his children's book is a source of considerable annoyance for Milne, whose personal goal is to write whatever he loves and which, until then, finds an audience ready for any change of direction: he has freed pre- war Punch of his excessive innocence; he has made a considerable reputation as a playwright (like his idol J. M. Barrie) on both sides of the Atlantic; he has produced intelligent detective writing on The Red House Mystery (though this is strongly criticized by Raymond Chandler for his plotty of irreverence). But as soon as Milne, in her own words, "bid farewell to all of them in 70,000 words" (the long approximation of her four children's books), she does not intend to produce rework that has no originality, given one source of inspiration, his son, getting older.
Another reason Milne stopped writing children's books, and especially about Winnie-the-Pooh, was that she felt "awed and disgusted" for her son's fame, and said that "I feel that Christopher Robin's law has more publicity than the I want him.I do not want CR Milne ever hope that his name is Charles Robert. "
In his famous home, Punch , where the When We Were Very Young verses first appeared, Methuen continued to publish whatever the Milne write, including the long poem "The Norman Church "and a collection of articles titled
In 1930, Milne adapted Kenneth Grahame's novel The Wind in the Willows to the stage as Toad of Toad Hall . The title is an implicit recognition that chapters like Chapter 7, "The Piper at the Gates of Dawn," can not survive the translation to the theater. A special introduction written by Milne is included in some novel editions of Grahame.
Milne and his wife became estranged from their son, who came to hate what he saw as the exploitation of his father in his childhood and hated the books that had pushed him into the public eye. Married to his first cousin, Lesley de SÃ © lincourt, distanced Christopher further from his parents - Lesley's father and Christopher's mother had not spoken for 30 years.
Inheritance and warnings
Right to A. A. Pooh Milne's books were handed over to four beneficiaries: his family, the Royal Literary Fund, Westminster School, and Garrick Club. After Milne's death in 1956, one week and six days after his 74th birthday, his widow sold his rights to Pooh's characters to Stephen Slesinger, whose widow sold the rights after Slesinger's death to Walt Disney Company, which has made many cartoons Pooh. , Disney Channel television shows, and Pooh related stuff. In 2001, other beneficiaries sold their interest on the estate to Disney Corporation for $ 350 million. Disney has previously paid royalties twice a year to these beneficiaries. Treasury E. H Shepard also received money in the deal. The English copyright on the original Winnie the Pooh textbook ends on January 1, 2027; at the beginning of the year after the 70th anniversary of author's death (PMA-70), and has ended in countries with PMA-50 rules. This applies to all Milne's works except those first published posthumously. Illustrations in Pooh's books will remain under copyright until the same amount of time has passed, after the death of the illustrator. In the United States, copyright will not end until 95 years after the publication for each book Milne was first published before 1978, but this includes illustrations.
In 2008, the original illustration collection featuring Winnie-the-Pooh and her animal friends sold for over Ã, Â £ 1.2 million at an auction at Sotheby's, London. Forbes magazine rated Winnie the Pooh the most valuable fictional character in 2002; Winnie the Pooh merchandising products alone have annual sales of more than $ 5.9 billion. In 2005, Winnie the Pooh earned $ 6 billion, a figure surpassed by just Mickey Mouse.
A memorial plaque in Ashdown Forest, unveiled by Christopher Robin in 1979, commemorates the work of A. A. Milne and Shepard in creating Pooh's world. Milne once wrote about Ashdown Forest: "In a place that is fascinated at the top of the forest, the little boy and his bear will always play."
In 2003, Winnie the Pooh was listed at number 7 on the BBC poll of The Big Read that determined the "best novels" in the UK of all time. In 2006, Winnie the Pooh received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, marking the 80th anniversary of the creation of Milne. That same year, British polls saw Winnie the Pooh picking it into the British icon list.
Marking 90 years of character creation Milne, and the 90th anniversary of Elizabeth II, in 2016 a new story saw Winnie the Pooh meet the Queen at Buckingham Palace. An illustrated and audio adventure titled Winnie-the-Pooh Meet The Queen , and has been narrated by actor Jim Broadbent. Also in 2016, the new character, Penguin, was unveiled at The Best Bear in All the World, inspired by long lost Milne's photo and his son Christopher with a toy penguin.
Some of Milne's children's poetry is set for music by composer Harold Fraser-Samson. His poems have been parodied many times, including with books
Archive
Most of A. A. Milne's paper is stored at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin. The collection, founded in the center in 1964, consists of draft manuscripts and fragments for over 150 Milne works, as well as correspondence, legal documents, genealogical records, and some personal effects. The library division holds several books formerly belonging to Milne and his wife Dorothy. The Harry Ransom Center also has a small correspondence collection of Christopher Robin Milne and Milne who is often the illustrator of Ernest Shepard.
Original manuscripts for Winnie the Pooh and The House at Pooh Corner are filed separately at Trinity College Library, Cambridge.
Religious view
Milne did not talk much about religious matters, although he used the term religion to explain his decision, while remaining pacifist, to join the British Front Guard: "In fighting Hitler," he wrote, "we are really fighting against Satan, Anti-Christ. Hitler is a fighter against God. "
His most famous comment on the matter recalled his death:
The Old Testament is responsible for more atheism, agnosticism, unbelief - let's call it what you want - than any book ever written; it has emptied more churches than all theaters, motorcycles, and golf courses.
He writes in the poem "Described":
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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