The Four Freedoms is a series of four 1943 oil paintings by American artist Norman Rockwell. Painting - Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Worship, Freedom from Desire , and Free from Fear - each about 45.75 inches (116.2 cm) ÃÆ'â € "35, 5 inches (90 cm), and is now at the Norman Rockwell Museum in Stockbridge, Massachusetts. The four freedoms refer to the speech of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt in January 1941, in four states where he identified human rights that should be universally protected. The theme was incorporated into the Atlantic Charter, and became part of the Charter of the United Nations. The paintings were reproduced in The Saturday Evening Post for four consecutive weeks in 1943, together with essays by leading thinkers of the day. They are in the spotlight of a traveling exhibition sponsored by The Post and the US Treasury. Exhibitions and sales drives accompanying war bonds raised more than $ 132 million.
This series has been the cornerstone of a retrospective art exhibition featuring the career of Rockwell, who was the most famous and popular commercial artist of the mid-20th century, but did not achieve critical acclaim. These are his most famous works, and by some accounts being the most distributed paintings. At one time they were regularly displayed at post offices, schools, clubs, train stations, and public and semi-public buildings.
Critical reviews of these images, like most of Rockwell's work, have not been entirely positive. Rockwell's beautiful and nostalgic approach to regionalism makes him a popular illustrator but an artist who is considered good throughout his lifetime, a view that still prevails today. However, he has created a lasting niche in the social order with Freedom from Want , a symbol of what is now known as "Norman Rockwell Thanksgiving".
Video Four Freedoms (Norman Rockwell)
Ucapan Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Throughout his political career, Roosevelt was fighting for human rights. In his annual state address at the Congress on January 6, 1941, delivered at the time of Nazi Germany occupying much of Western Europe, he called on Americans to support the war effort in various ways. He expressed his vision of a better future, founded on four freedoms: "In the future we seek safe, we look forward to a world founded on four essential human freedoms," some traditional and some new ones: freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from desire, and freedom from fear.
Roosevelt's address on 6 January became known as his "Four Speeches of Liberty", for his conclusions illustrating the President's vision of the expansion of the world from the American ideal of individual freedom summed up by these four liberties. In other words, FDR's speech is known for "identifying the purpose of war and exposing his hopeful outlook on the postwar world". The speech helped raise the Congress and the nation for a sinister war, articulating the ideological goals of the necessary armed conflicts and appealing to the universal trust of American freedom. Domestically, the Four Freedoms were not something Roosevelt could achieve through simple laws, although they provided a theme for American military participation in the war. Of the Four Freedoms, only two that are described in the Constitution of the United States are freedom of speech and freedom of worship. Rock2 and World War II
Maps Four Freedoms (Norman Rockwell)
RockwellBetween 1916 and the 16 December 1963 Kennedy Memorial cover, Rockwell made 322 magazine covers for The Saturday Evening Post, once the most read magazine of America. In the preelectronic era where color magazine mass-color illustrations were the most popular form of media, Rockwell became a national name, and in the 1950s was only rivaled by Walt Disney for his public familiarity amongst visual artists. During World War I, Rockwell had taken a bit of a backseat for the more established illustrator under Editor George Horace Lorimer, who had died in 1937. Without being limited by Lorimer's restrictions, Rockwell saw an opportunity to illustrate Four Freedoms as a lifetime opportunity.
The Rockwell cover highlights the human aspect of the American war effort. Illustrations support efforts by promoting war bonds, and encouraging women to work and men to register. They use the theme of patriotism, longing, gender role shifting, reunion, love, work, community, and family. In his role as a magazine illustrator during wartime, Rockwell drew a comparison with Winslow Homer, an American Civil War illustrator for Harper's Weekly. Four Rockwell paintings are thought to have influenced Roosevelt's Four Freedoms adoption as a destination.
Four Freedoms has become an important theme for Artists for Victory. The consortium is one of several artist organizations that provide governments with promotional artwork for war. It also sponsors an exhibition on global peace.
Rockwell is regarded as apolitical, but advocates "tolerance of difference, decency, kindness, and freedom articulated by the FDR". He believes the freedom of FDR is worth fighting for, and he made many artistic contributions to the war effort regardless of Four Freedoms. He is widely known for his ideal fictional war character, Willie Gillis and the depiction of Rosie the Riveter. Some other arts of war are known by names, such as War News and Warrior Soldiers . He is responsible for encouraging individual monetary support from war through posters such as 1943 Hasten the Homecoming .
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Composition
Rockwell's Four Freedoms - Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Worship, Freedom from Desire, and Freedom from Fear - first published on February 20, February 27, March 6, and March 13 1943 along with essays assigned from eminent American writers and historians (Booth Tarkington, Will Durant, Carlos Bulosan, and Stephen Vincent BenÃÆ'Â © t, respectively). They measured 45.75 inches (116.2 cm) ÃÆ'â € "35.5 inches (90 cm) except the Freedom of Worship measuring 46.0 inches (116.8 cm) ÃÆ'â €" 35, 5 inches (90 cm). For all his paintings, Rockwell uses a living model. In 1935, Rockwell began to use black-and-white photography of these models of life extensively, although he did not publicly disclose that he did so until 1940. The use of photography extends the possibilities for Rockwell who can require models to pose in positions they can only hold for a short period of time. He can also produce works from a new perspective and Four Freedoms represented "low vision point of Freedom of Speech for close-up in Freedom of Worship, midrange on Freedom from Fear , and wide angle in Freedom from Want ".
In 1939, Rockwell moved to Arlington, Vermont, which is a friendly community of artists who have hosted Robert Frost, Rockwell Kent, and Dorothy Canfield Fisher. From the move from New Rochelle, New York, Rockwell said, "I'm nervous... [New Rochelle] city seems to be colored by everything that happens to me". In New Rochelle, he was both in divorce and running with a fast crowd. Artists John Atherton, Mead Schaeffer and George Hughes set up residence in Arlington soon after Rockwell. The resident artists, including Rockwell, support each other and hire locals as their amateur model. Using photography and Arlington residents as a model, Rockwell is able to capture what he calls a "human-looking humanity", who is generally working-class people, in an hour or so rather than hiring a professional model for the whole day. Rockwell pays for modifications simply. Rose Hoyt, involved with a total of three photography sessions for Speech Freedom and Freedom of Worship, earned $ 15 ($ 224.66 in dollars 2017) for his equipment.
When the US entered the war in 1941, it had three agencies responsible for war propaganda: Fact and Figures Office (OFF), Emergency Management Office Information Division (OEM), and Government Reporting Office (OGR). OFF is responsible for commissioned artwork and to collect author corps, led by Librarians of Congress Archibald MacLeish. By mid-1942, the Information Office of the War stipulated that despite OFF's efforts in distributing pamphlets, posters, displays and other media, only a third of the general public was familiar with the Four Freedom Roosevelt and at most one in fifty could name one by one. they. Four Freedoms have become "a campaign to educate Americans about participation in World War II".
In 1942, Rockwell had professionally illustrated for thirty years and had a successful career. In addition, in mid-1942, Gillis Rockwell became famous. Lorimer had been editor of The Post from 1898 to 1936. He was followed by Wesley W. Stout for five years. In early 1942, Stout published an article entitled "The Case Against the Jews," which led to the cancellation of advertisements and subscriptions. The Post was reportedly in financial trouble in 1942. Soon Stout was replaced by Hibbs who changed his magazine.
On May 24, 1942, Rockwell sought approval for the poster design at The Pentagon because the Guild Artists had determined that he was advocating the US Army Department of Army. Robert Patterson, who was then Deputy Minister of the United States, suggested a revision. On the same day, he visited Thomas Mabry of the Department of Facts and War Department Department's Graphic Division, which coordinated posters and war themed boards. Mabry expressed the need for Four Freedoms' artwork. Rockwell returns home while contemplating the Atlantic Charter, which has combined the Four Freedoms.
Rockwell remembers the scene of a local town meeting where one person speaks in one disagreement, but is given the floor, and listens with respect, despite his solitary opposition. He was inspired to use this scene to illustrate Freedom of Speech , and Rockwell decided to use his Vermont neighbors as a model for a collection of inspirational posters depicting the themes laid down by Roosevelt the previous year in the Four Freedom series. He spent three days making a charcoal sketch of the series, which some sources describe as color sketches. Rockwell's patriotic attitude is to travel to Washington, D.C. and gave up his free services to the government for this purpose. In mid-June, accompanied by Schaeffer, he brought four charcoal sketches to Washington, where they lived at the Mayflower Hotel, as they sought out commissions to design the art of war. During the trip, Rockwell was asked by Boy Scouts of America to continue the annual making of a new painting for their annual calendar by publishing a representative of Orion Winford. He could not hold Patterson's attention during their meetings, so he met the new Information Office of the War (OWI), where he was told "The last war you illustrator is doing posters, we will use artists, real artists."
On their way back to Vermont with Schaeffer on June 16, they stopped in Philadelphia to meet with Ben Hibbs new editor of Ben Hibbs. Many accounts describe this visit as unplanned, but whether it is unclear. Hibbs liked Rockwell's Four Freedom sketches, and he gave Rockwell two months to complete his works. The June 24 Correspondent from The Post clarified that the Rockwell and Schaeffer series will be published. On June 26, The Post's art editor James Yates told Rockwell about the layout of the painting with the accompanying essay or the accompanying essay by President Roosevelt.
The Rockwell summer is full of distractions. At one point, a gastroenterologist in Manhattan set up an uncertain operation, even though it was not done. He has commissions for other magazines, and business complications related to second reproductive rights. He also has a Scouting commitment. Within time limitations, Rockwell makes every excuse to avoid all other distracting duties. In October, The Post sent her art editor to Arlington to check on Rockwell's progress. At about the same time, although the head of the Graphics Division, Francis Brennan's anger, OWI began showing signs of renewed interest. In fact, after Rockwell was chosen, the entire OWI Writers Division resigned. The press release related to the resignation confirms that OWI is dominated by "high pressure promoters who prefer slick sales for honest information.These promoters will treat as ignorant and reluctant customers to men and women in the United States." There was further upheaval within the OWI of a faction supporting Ben Shahn's work; Shahn's work is not used in propaganda because it has no general appeal. There are several artists assigned to promote the war, including Jean Carlu, Gerard Hordyke, Hugo Ballin, and Walter Russell. Russell created the Four Freedoms Monument which was finally dedicated at Madison Square Garden in New York City.
This series takes seven months to complete, and finishes at the end of the year. Supposedly, Rockwell lost 10 pounds (4.54 kg) of his assignment. When Rockwell finished the series, he was motivated by the news of Allied pullback, a fact that gave the job a sense of urgency. Models include Ny. Harrington became a devout old lady in the Freedom of Worship and a man named Jim Martin who appeared in every painting in the series (the most prominent in Freedom from Fear). The goal is to remind Americans what they are striving for: freedom of speech and worship, freedom from desire and fear. All the paintings use a muted palette and do not use the vermilion known by Rockwell.
Several sources were published after the question of Rockwell's death whether the government was really disappointing as Rockwell claimed. They quoted an exhilarated April 23, 1943 correspondence with Thomas D. Mabry of OWI (former Executive Director of the Museum of Modern Art). At that time, three government propaganda agencies disjointed until they united under the OWI on 13 June 1942 by the President's Executive Order. Furthermore, the author's division, led by MacLeish, came under pressure for failing to convey a message understood by people of various intelligences.
Upon completion, Rockwell's works were briefly displayed at West Arlington Grange before being sent to The Post in Philadelphia. The series arrived in Philadelphia in January 1943. Roosevelt was shown paintings in early February, and The Post requested Roosevelt's approval for the series of paintings and essays. Roosevelt responded well to a personal letter to Rockwell and the "official" letter to The Post on February 10. Roosevelt instructed The Post so that OWI has a translated essay. into foreign languages ​​so they can be presented to leaders at the UN.
The Freedoms are published in a series of four full-color editions, full pages, each accompanied by an essay of the same title. The panels were published in successive weeks in the order of Roosevelt's speech: Freedom of Speech (February 20), Freedom of Worship (February 27), Freedom from Want (March 6), and Free from Fear (March 13). For accompanying essay writers, Hibbs has many choices considering the number of regular contributors to The Post .
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Aftermath
When this series was published, The Saturday Evening Post received millions of reprint requests. They produce 25,000 sets, including essays and full-color reproductions of paintings, sold for $ 0.25 ($ 3.54 in 2017 dollars). According to Rockwell, OWI was involved and produced 2.5 million sets of Four Freedoms posters only after the public requested reprints. At the end of the war, 4 million posters have been printed. Both the Freedom from Fear and the Freedom from Want poster have the main captions of "ours.Ã,.Ã,,to fight for" and the Freedom of Speech > and Freedom of Worship has the main title "Buy Bonds of War" and the word "Save" before each other's freedom. A 1943 lithographic version of a 1943 painting exists showing the four paintings under the title "us.
Four Freedoms were issued as posters by the US Government Printing Office and as stamps by the United States Postal Service. They are used as a memorial cover for war bonds and stamps offered during the War Bond show. These stamps are not to be misconstrued by the Fourth Stamped Fours February 12, 1943 by another artist. The Rockwell version was published in a set of four fifty cent stamps in 1994, the 100th anniversary of the birth of Rockwell. Freedom from Want was included as a cover image of the 1946 book Norman Rockwell, Illustrator written when Rockwell "topped his fame as the most popular illustrator in America". In 1972, this 1946 publication was in seventh print. Although the paintings were initially closely connected to Roosevelt and the American cause of World War II, they have now developed an independent iconic identity in textbooks and on bonds and in the cultural and social order. At the end of the 20th century, 25 million people bought Rockwell's Four Freedoms prints.
Rockwell notes that the series weighed heavily on, saying that his works were "serious paintings that suck energy out of me like a dredger, making me dazed and really tired". The next task is to produce the 1943 April Fools Day cover for The Post , which is much more relaxing.
Rockwell was asked for various works after the publication of Four Freedoms. Massachusetts Representative Edith Nourse Rogers submitted a congressional resolution to declare the fifth freedom: "Freedom of Private Enterprise". Chairman of the Inter-Racial Bronx Conference Roderick Stephens, called on Rockwell's service to highlight the need to improve interracial relations in a series that will complement the original Four Freedoms. Rockwell and Stephens communicate, and, during his career, Rockwell reflects on and describes race relationships in several works, but not as a series.
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War Bond Drive
Between 1941 and 1946, the US Treasury Department conducted eight War Loan Drives to promote the sale of war bonds to finance American World War II efforts. The government uses some form of solicitation, advertising, and marketing, such as an aircraft carrier exhibit. To Drive the Seventh War Lending, they used the direct appeal of all the generals and the five-star admirals (George Marshall, Dwight Eisenhower, Douglas MacArthur, Jackson D. Arnold, Ernest King, Chester W. Nimitz, and William D. Leahy), and used images the warning bond of Franklin Delano Roosevelt in the Eighth War Credit Drive. Marketing efforts vary considerably even in one War Loan Drive.
The War Bond Drives are seen as key in enhancing the national morale by giving citizens an opportunity to support the war effort. They increase patriotism and become a good marketing tool to gather support. In fact, celebrities not only help promote bonds for free, but also, most of the time the broadcasts and advertising space for the bonds are donated. The first War Loan Drive, known as "The Victory Loan Drive", began in early 1942. It was initiated by Roosevelt and US Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau and raised $ 13 billion. Despite its success, only 35% of Americans understand the purpose of war.
Between January and April 1943, The Post and the US Treasury collaborated to plan a second Bonds War tour featuring the Four Freedoms beginning at Hecht's in Washington, DC. Thousands of people offered to be part of War Bond Drive and The Post used their resources to promote the tour. In 1943, the Saturday Evening Post donated Four Freedoms to Second Mill Loan Drive. OWI takes over the position in marketing the Bond Drive. Using the celebrity list of stars and Hollywood Authorization Mobilization, they created a radio dramatization in March 1943 through their "World of the Free Theater". OWI produces and distributes Four Freedom posters to 400,000 retailers through Scouts and begins receiving 2,000 daily poster requests.
The tour began on April 26, 1943 at Hecht's. Rockwell was present in the debut to make a mandatory appearance in front of ambassadors and high officials and to sign autographs. In the days that followed, he sketched people in the White House waiting room using charcoal. Due to the strained relationship with The Post , the Morgenthau Secretary did not attend the debut. The show lasts for eleven days in Washington, D.C. with celebration celebrations, such as guest and entertainment performances, choir performances, and military unit exhibitions. The second stop of the tour coincided with the 75th anniversary of Strawbridge and Clothier in Philadelphia. Bob Hope, Bing Crosby, and Durant included the celebrities in hand. The tour arrived at Rockefeller Center of New York City on June 4th with a celebration featuring Kate Smith. The tour arrived in Boston on June 19 at Filene's. Next stops include Buffalo (July 12), Rochester, New York (August 2), and Pittsburgh (September 8). In the Midwest, events stop in Detroit (27 September), Cleveland (25 October) and Chicago (11 November). Other stops in the Midwest and West include St. Louis (December 16), New Orleans (January 16, 1944), Dallas (January 27), Los Angeles (12 February), Portland, Oregon (27 March); and Denver (May) 1).
Bond buyers receive full-color reproduction sets. During a 16-city tour, which included various celebrities, public officials, and entertainers, some 1.2 million people across the United States saw the paintings, which helped raise $ 132 million for war effort despite the sale of war bonds. According to The New Yorker in 1945, Four Freedoms "was accepted by the public with more enthusiasm, perhaps, than any other painting in the history of American art". Rockwell is widely credited with contributing to the success of the war effort. However, Rockwell only took part in a war bond tour when it was convenient for his other interests. He is not traveling with a tour that lasts a year.
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Critical reception
Rockwell is considered a "classic American middlebrow artist". As an artist he is an illustrator rather than a fine art painter. Although his style is very painter, his work is produced for the purpose of mass reproduction, and is produced with the aim of delivering a common message to viewers through a detailed narrative style. In addition, most of Rockwell's work is seen in a reproducible format and almost no audience of his contemporaries has ever seen his original work. Also, Rockwell's style of logs Realism of a small New England town, known as regionalism, is sometimes seen as coming out of step with the wave of approaching modern abstract art. Some say the realism is so direct that it does not use artistic license. John Canaday, a New York Times art critic, once referred to Rockwell as "Rembrandt of Punkin 'Crick" for his aversion to the ugliness of urban life. Dave Hickey scoffs at Rockwell for painting without inflection. Some critics also see his sentimental and nostalgic visions come out of step with the harsh reality of American life, such as the Great Depression. Deborah Solomon views his works as "based on noble citizenship principles", but instead of dealing with conflicting patriots, they present themes with "civil and family rituals" for "symbol scenes".
Post Hibbs editor says that Four Freedoms is "inspiring... in the same way as the clock tower in Independence Hall, which I can see from my office window." , inspired me. "Roosevelt wrote to Rockwell" I think you have done a wonderful job in bringing home to plain, ordinary everyday plain citizens, the everyday truths behind the Four Freedoms... I congratulate you not alone on execution but also for the spirit that drives you to make this contribution a common cause of a more free and happier world. "Roosevelt writes to The Post ," This is the first pictorial representation I have seen from my values. strong American values ​​embodied in the rights of freedom of speech and freedom of worship and our goal of freedom from fear and want. "Roosevelt also wrote about the related essay," Their words should inspire all who read it with a deeper appreciation of the way of life we ​​seek to preserve. "
The Four Freedoms is probably Rockwell's most famous work. Some people say that Rockwell Four Freedoms has no artistic maturity. Others have pointed to the universality of Religious Freedom for confusing certain religious practitioners. Others complain that he idealized American life because by portraying healthy, happy and happy sentiments, Rockwell portrays the remembered or desired good, but by avoiding misery, poverty, and social unrest, he fails to show the bad command and part of American life the bad one. Rockwell's response to this criticism was, "I paint life as I want it to." Rockwell made him know that he hoped it would be his masterpiece, but disappointed. Nonetheless, he is satisfied with the public acceptance of the series and that the series is capable of serving such patriotic purposes. Laura Claridge feels she may have achieved her ambition if she pursues a "quiet little scene" which she later recognizes.
Although the four images were meant to promote wartime patriotism, Freedom from Want , depicting an elderly couple serving a fat turkey for what looked like a happy children's table and grandchildren were awarded the work of Norman Rockwell A vital Thanksgiving as an important place in a lasting market to promote togetherness, peace and many families as Hallmark on Christmas Day. Some people say that Four Freedoms can not live up to the role of "illustrating the concept of grandiose with the humble correlatives" because it is too harsh.
The commercial success of this series is partly because every painting is considered as an art model understood by the general public. The success of Rockwell's portrayal is due to the use of old American cultural values ​​about the unity and respect of certain institutions while using symbols that allow a wide audience to identify with his images. This understanding makes it an extreme on a scale of artistic complexity when comparing series with contemporary art. It is very contrary to abstract art and away from the intrigue of surrealism.
In 1999, the High Museum of Art and Norman Rockwell Museum produced Rockwell's first comprehensive career exhibition starting at the High Museum on November 6, 1999, stopping at the Chicago Historical Society, Corcoran Art Gallery, San Diego Museum of Art, Phoenix Art Museum, and Norman Rockwell Museum before ending at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum on February 11, 2002. Although there has been a long history of Rockwell's critics, Norman Rockwell: Images for the American People the presence of a tour exhibition is a record arrangement and critical reviews are quite profitable. Nostalgia seems to cause a bit of revisionism in the art world, according to The New York Times that says, "What's strange is the enthusiastic reception of the show by the art world, which in a bunch of revisionism is falling all over itself to embrace what ever reviled: a convenient and simple narrative narrative from self-deprecating illustrators... "
Some people find Rockwell's presentation somewhat patronizing, but most are satisfied. The New Yorker commented two years later: "They are accepted by the public with more enthusiasm, perhaps, than any other painting in the history of American Art". Claridge notes that this series is an example where the numbers are larger than the parts. He noted the inspiration comes in part from their cumulative "weight".
Provenance
After the 1943-44 War Bond Show, Four Freedom toured the country with a specially designed in-car train. Throughout the 1950s Four Freedoms were hanging in Hibbs's office on The Post. Hibb retired in 1961 and at the The Post terminated in 1969, Rockwell recovered his original painting. Norman Rockwell left his personal collection in confidence to the Norman Rockwell Museum in 1973 for "the progress of art appreciation and art education". This collection includes Four Freedoms paintings. The works remain on display at "The Norman Rockwell Museum at The Old Corner House" for almost 25 years. In 1993, when the Rockwell Museum moved from its original location, Four Freedoms was shown in the new museum's central gallery. In 2014, Four Freedoms remain in the Museum collection. In 2011, the Williamstown Art Conservation Center performed some work on Four Freedoms, including reducing exposure to various elements and preventing further usage.
Exhibition
The Four Freedoms were widely exhibited as part of sixteen Second War Loan Drive cities in 1943 and have been part of other tours and exhibitions. They were the highlight of the first comprehensive Rockwell touring exhibition, entitled Norman Rockwell: Images for the American People , a seven-city tour that lasted from November 1999 to February 2002. They returned to the Corcoran Gallery of Art, which had became part of the Pictures for the American People tour, for an exhibition related to the opening of the National World War II Memorial in 2004. In addition to being included in various tours, Four Freedoms was the subject of a 144-page book in 1993, the fiftieth anniversary of their production.
In addition to the exhibit from Four Freedoms by Rockwell, there has been a tribute exhibition of works by other artists depicting these themes. For example, in 2008 at the Wolfsonian museum at Florida International University, 60 artists showcased 80 works representing them taking Four Freedoms. Other artists, such as Thomas Kinkade, have found individual inspiration in Rockwell's patriotic work, producing their own works using different symbols to present the same theme.
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References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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