Piper cubeba , cubeb or tailed pepper are plants in the genus Piper , cultivated for fruits and essential oils. Most are planted in Java and Sumatra, so it is sometimes called Java pepper . The fruit is collected before ripe, and dried with care. Commercial cubebs are made up of dried berries, similar in appearance to black pepper, but with an inherent stalk - "tail" in "tailed pepper". The dry part is wrinkled, and the color ranges from grayish brown to black. The seeds are hard, white and oily. The smell of cubes is described as pleasant and aromatic and tastes like spicy, spicy, slightly bitter and persistent. It has been described as tasting like allspice, or like a cross between allspice and black pepper.
Cubeb came to Europe through India through trade with Arabs. The name cubeb comes from the Arabic kab? Ba ( ????? ?), unknown origin, by Old French quibibes. Cubeb is mentioned in alchemical writing with its Arabic name. In his book Theatrum Botanicum, John Parkinson said that the king of Portugal banned the sale of cubeb to promote black pepper (Piper nigrum) around 1640. It experienced a brief resurgence on the 19th-middle European for drug use, but has practically disappeared from the European market since then. It continues to be used as a flavoring agent for gin and cigarettes in the West, and as a spice for food in Indonesia.
Video Piper cubeba
Histori
In the fourth century BC, Theophrastus mentions komakon , including with cinnamon and cassia as an ingredient in aromatics. Guillaume BudÃÆ' © and Claudius Salmasius have identified komakon with cubeb, probably because of the similarity that the word bears to the Java name of cubeb, kumukus . This is seen as strange evidence of the Greek trade with Java earlier than Theophrastus. The Greeks might not get it elsewhere, because Javanese growers protect their trade monopoly by sterilizing berries with boiling, ensuring that vines can not be cultivated elsewhere.
In the Tang Dynasty, Cubeb was brought to China from Srivijaya. In India, the spices are called "kabab chini", "Chinese cubes," perhaps because Chinese have hands in their trade, but more likely because they are important items in trade. with China. In China, this pepper is called vilenga , and vidanga , the Sanskrit word cognate. Li Hsun thinks it grows on the same tree as black pepper. Doctor Tang gave it to restore the appetite, healed the "vapor of the devil", darkened the hair, and scent the body. However, there is no evidence to suggest that cubeb is used as a spice in China.
The One Thousand and One Nights Book, compiled in the 9th century, mentions cubeb as a remedy for infertility, suggesting it was already used by Arabs for medicinal purposes. Cubeb was introduced to Arab cuisine around the 10th century. The Travels of Marco Polo , written at the end of the 13th century, describes Java as a cubeb manufacturer, along with other precious spices. In the 14th century, cubeb was imported into Europe from the Grain Coast, by the name of pepper, by Rouen and Lippe traders. A 14th-century moral tale exemplified by the Franciscan writer Francesc Eiximenis illustrates the eating habits of an earthly cleric who consume a curiously yellow egg-like concoction with cinnamon and cubeb after bathing, perhaps as an aphrodisiac.
Cubeb is considered by the Europeans to be disgusting to the devil, as did the Chinese. Ludovico Maria Sinistrari, a Catholic priest who wrote about exorcism methods at the end of the 17th century, included cubeb as an ingredient in incense to ward off incubus. Even today, the formula for incense is cited by neopagan authors, some of which also claim that cubeb can be used in sachet love and mantras.
Following a ban on sales, cubeb culinary usage plummeted in Europe, and only drug applications continued into the 19th century. At the beginning of the 20th century, cubeb was regularly shipped from Indonesia to Europe and the United States. Trading gradually reduced to an average of 135 tons (133 tons long, 149 tons short) every year, and practically stopped after 1940.
Maps Piper cubeba
Chemistry
Frozen celebs contain essential oils containing monoterpen (sabinena 50%, -thujene, and carene) and sesquiterpenes (caryophyllene, copaene ,? - and -cubebene, -cadinene, germacrene), oxide 1.4- and 1 , 8-cineole and cubebol alcohol.
About 15% of essential oils are obtained by distilling cubebs with water. Kubebene , the liquid part, has the formula C 15 H 24 and comes in two forms ,? - and? -. They differ only in the position of the alkene portion, with an endocyclic double bond (part of a five membered ring) in? -cubebene, as shown, but exocyclic in? -cubebene. It is a pale green or blue-yellow viscous liquid with a warm wood scent, a bit of a camphor. After rectification with water, or on maintenance, it stores the rhombic crystals of camphor cubebs.
Cubebin 20 6 ) is a crystalline substance in the cubeb, discovered by EugÃÆ'¨ ne Soubeir and Capitaine in 1839. These can be made from kubebene, or from the remaining pulp after oil distillation. The drug, along with chewing gum, fatty oil, and magnesium and calcium malate, contains also about 1% cubebic acid, and about 6% of the resin. The dose of fruit is 30 to 60 grains, and the British Pharmacopoeia contains tincture with a dose of 4 to 1 dram.
Usage
Medication
In India, ancient Ayurvedic texts (Sanskrit ???????) include cubebs in various treatments. Charaka and Sushruta prescribe cubeb paste as a mouthwash, and the use of internally dried cubebs for oral and dental disease, loss of sound, halitosis, fever, and cough. Unani physicians use externally cured fruit paste on male and female genitals to intensify sexual pleasure during coitus. Because of this attributed property, cubeb is called " Habb-ul-Uruus ".
In cubeb traditional Chinese medicine is used for alleged heating properties. In Tibetan medicine, cubeb ( ka ko la in Tibetan) is one of the bizang po drugs, six good herbs that are beneficial to certain organs in the body, with cubeb given to the spleen..
Medieval Arab doctors are usually experienced in alchemy, and cubeb is used, under the name
The mix, called the "seed thickener", was given to Shams-al-Din, a wealthy, childless merchant, with instructions that he should eat pasta two hours before dealing with his wife. According to the story, the merchant got the child he wanted after following this instruction. Another Arab writer writes that cubeb gives a fragrant breath, heals the affections of the bladder, and that eating it "increases the joy of coitus".
In 1654, Nicholas Culpeper wrote in London Dispensatorie that the cubebs were "hot and dry on the third level... (snip) they cleaned the heads of phlegm and strengthened the brain, they warmed the stomach and provoked lust". The next edition in 1826 informed the reader that "the Arabs called them Quabebe, and Quabebe Chine: they grew abundantly in Java, they awakened the spirit of life (Snip).... and very profitable for the cold sadness of the womb ".
The use of modern cubebs in England as a drug originated from 1815. There are various preparations, including oleum cubebae, cincture oil, tinctures, liquid extracts, oleo-resin compounds, and vapors, which is used for throat complaints. A small portion of cubeb is commonly included in throat lozenges designed to reduce bronchitis, where the antiseptic and expectoral properties of this drug are useful. The most important therapeutic application of this drug, however, is in treating gonorrhea, where its antiseptic action is highly valuable. William Wyatt Squire wrote in 1908 that cubebs "act specifically on genito-urinary mucous membranes. (They are) administered in all stages of gonorrhea". Compared to copaiba in this relationship cubeb has an unpleasant advantage to take on and somewhat less likely to interfere with the digestive tool in prolonged administration.
Essential oil, oleum cubebae, is the form in which cubeb is most commonly used as a medicine, the dose is 5 to 20 minims, which may be suspended in mucus or administered after meals in wafers. The drug shows the typical action of volatile oil, but uses some of them to an extraordinary level. Thus, it is responsible for causing cutaneous erythema in the course of excretion by the skin, having a marked diuretic action, and is a fairly efficient disinfectant of the urinary tract. Giving results in appearance in the urine of cubebic acid salt precipitated by heat or nitric acid, and therefore tends to be erroneous for albumin, when the two most common tests for the occurrence of albuminuria are applied.
The National Botanic Pharmacopoeia printed in 1921 says that cubeb is "an excellent remedy for white or wheat albus."
Culinary
In Europe, cubeb was one of the precious spices during the Middle Ages. It was milled as a condiment for the meat or used in the sauce. Medieval recipes include cubeb in making sarcenes sauce, which consists of almond milk and some spices. As aromatic candy, cubeb is often candied and eaten whole. Ocet Kubebowy, vinegar mixed with cubeb, cumin, and garlic, was used for meat seasoning in Poland during the 14th century. Cubeb can still be used to enhance the taste of savory soup.
Cubeb reached Africa through the Arabs. In Moroccan cuisine, cubeb is used in savory dishes and pastries such as markout , a small diamond of semolina with honey and dates. It also sometimes appears in the list of ingredients for the famous spice blend of Ras el hanout . In Indonesian cuisine, especially in Indonesian gulng (curry), cubeb is often used.
Cigarettes and liquor
Cubeb is often used in the form of cigarettes for asthma, chronic pharyngitis, and fever. Edgar Rice Burroughs, who likes cubeb smoking cigarettes, funnyly states that if she does not smoke so much cubeb, there probably will never be Tarzan . "Marshall's Prepared Cubeb Cigarettes" is a popular brand, with enough sales to be made during World War II. Sometimes, cannabis users claim that smoking marijuana is no more dangerous than smoking cubeb. In the musical The Music Man, founded in rural Iowa in 1912, the character Harold Hill warned parents by telling them that their son was trying to drink cubeb cigarettes in a famous swimming pool in the song "Trouble".
In 2000, cubeb oil was included in the list of ingredients found in cigarettes, published by the Department of Tobacco Prevention and Control of the Department of Health and Human Services of North Carolina.
Bombay Sapphire gin seasoned with botanical including cubeb and paradise granules. The brand was launched in 1987, but its maker claimed it was based on a secret recipe dating from 1761. Pertsovka, a dark brown pepper vodka with burning flavor, prepared from cubeb infusion and paprika capsicum.
More
Cubeb is sometimes used to forge Patchouli essential oil, which needs attention for Patchouli users. In turn, cubeb is forged by Piper baccatum (also known as "Java climbing pepper") and Piper caninum .
Kubeb berry is used in magic spells created by practitioners of the hoodoo, a form of magic of the African-American people.
In 2000, Shiseido, a well-known Japanese cosmetic company, patented an anti-aging product line containing formulas made from several herbs, including cubeb.
In 2001, the Swiss firm Firmenich patented a cubebol, a compound found in cubeb oil, as a cooling and refreshing agent. This patent describes the application of cubebol as a refreshing agent in a variety of products, from bubble gum to sorbet, beverages, toothpaste, and gelatin based confectioneries.
References
Note
The work cited
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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